Английский язык. Агабек (855602), страница 21

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К а к и е из п р и в е д е н н ы х н и ж е утвер­ж д е н и й верны/неверны. Аргументируйте с в о й ответ,о п и р а я с ь н а текст.1. A r i t h m e t i c operations are operations w i t h num­bers — subtraction and division.2. Early computers gave false impression about theircapabilities.3. Logical operations are computer's ability to com­pare two values.4. The major difference between the computer andtools lies in the flexibility of the program.l o g i c a l o p e r a t i o n — логическая операцияc o m p a r i s o n — сравнениеa d d i t i o n — сложениеs u b t r a c t i o n — вычитаниеf a l s e — ложныйto benefit — получать пользуe q u a l — равныйto d e t e r m i n e — определятьto c o m p a r e — сравниватьt o o l — инструментm i c r o w a v e o v e n — микроволновая печьembedded- встроенныйa c c e p t — приниматьf l e x i b l e — гибкий, изменчивыйa d v e n t — приходto e x p a n d — расширятьs e q u e n c e — последовательностьi n c r e a s e — увеличивать5.

Embedded computers are found only in typewritersand ovens.6. Microwave oven's program is flexible and could bechanged because of the embedded computer.7. Numeric data consist of numbers, decimal pointsand the ( + ) and ( - ) s i g n s .8)visual input data.d e c i m a l p o i n t — десятичная точкаs a v e — спасать, зд. экономитьGeneralЗадание 16.2. Д а й т е о п р е д е л е н и я , и с п о л ь з у я сло­варь:1.

software2. arithmetic operation3. logical operation4. numeric dataunderstanding1. In what two major parts could be computer opera­tions divided?2. What are arithmetic operations?3. What are logical operations?5. textual data6. physical data7. audio-visual data4. Can computer compare two graphical objects?5. What makes computer so different from other tools?6.

What is an embedded computer? What modern devic­es have embedded computers?7". How many are types of data?8. What is physical data?172Computer can accept human speech as an audio­Задание 16.3. З а п о л н и т е пропуски:1) ... are computations w i t h numbers such as addition,subtraction, and other mathematical procedures.\173Урок 16Английский язык2) The computers ability to compare two values todetermine if one is larger than, smaller than, or equalto the other is called a ...1) New tools ranging from typewriters to microwaveovens have embedded computers, or ... computers2) An ...

can accept data to use several options in i t ' sprogram, but the program itself cannot be changed.3) ... can be used for calculations as well as sorted andcompared to each other.4) ... can contain any combination of letters, numbersand special characters.5) Various forms of data that we can hear and seemakes up... which is captured from t h e environment.a) logical operationb) t e x t , or textual datac) audio-visual datad) physical datae) arithmetic operationsf) built-ing) numbersTypes of S o f t w a r eA computer to c o m p l e t e a job r e q u i r e s more than justthe actual e q u i p m e n t or hardware we see and touch.

Itrequires Software — programs for d i r e c t i n g the opera­tion of a computer or electronic data.Software is the final computer s y s t e m component.These computer programs instruct the hardware how toc o n d u c t processing. The computer is merely a generalpurpose machine which requires s p e c i f i c software toperform a given task. Computers can input, calculate,compare, and output data, as information. Software de174termines the order in which these operations are per­formed.Programs usually fall in one of two categories: s y s t e msoftware and applications software.System software c o n t r o l s standard i n t e r n a l computera c t i v i t i e s .

A n o p e r a t i n g s y s t e m , for e x a m p l e , i s acollection of system programs that a i d in the operationof a computer r e g a r d l e s s of the application software beingused. W h e n a computer is first turned on, one of thesystems programs is b o o t e d or loaded i n t o the computersmemory. This software contains information aboutm e m o r y c a p a c i t y , the model of the processor, the diskdrives to be used, and more. Once the system software isloaded, the applications software can start to work.System programs are designed for the specific piecesof hardware.

These programs are called drivers and co­ordinate p e r i p h e r a l hardware and computer activities.User needs to i n s t a l l a specific driver in order to activatehis or her peripheral device. For example, if you intendto buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in ad­vance about the driver program which, though, commonlygo along w i t h your device. By installing the driver you«teach* your mainboard to «understand* the newly at­tached part.Applications software satisfies your specific need.

Thedevelopers of application software rely mostly onmarketing research strategies trying to do their best toattract more users (buyers) to their software. As theproductivity of the hardware has increased greatly inrecent years, t h e programmers nowadays tend to includeall kinds of g i m m i c k s in one program to make softwareinterface look more attractive to the user. These class of175Английский языкprograms is the most numerous and perspective fromthe marketing point of view.Data communication within and between computerssystems is h a n d l e d by system software.Communications software t r a n s f e r s data from onecomputer s y s t e m to another.

These programs usuallyprovide users w i t h data security and error checking alongwith physically transferring data between the twocomputer's memories. During the past five years thed e v e l o p i n g electronic network communication has stim­ulated more and more companies to produce v a r i o u scommunication software, such as W e b - B r o w s e r s forInternet.Урок 16s e c u r i t y — безопасностьto d e v e l o p — развивать, проявлятьd e v e l o p e r — разработчикto c h e c k — проверятьa t t a c h — присоединятьWeb-browser — «броузер» (программа, Позволяю­щая пользователю искать и считывать информацию сглобальной электронной сети Internet)peripheral — периферийныйto b o o t — запускатьto h a n d l e — управлятьg i m m i c k — зд. приманкаGeneralWorkingvocabularyto c o m p l e t e — завершатьto require — требоватьe q u i p m e n t — оборудованиеto direct — управлятьto conduct — проводитьi n t e r n a l — внутреннийcontrol — управлениеspecific — конкретный, определенныйgeneral-purpose — многоцелевойa i d — помощьregard — отношениеr e g a r d l e s s — безотносительно, несмотря наm e m o r y c a p a c i t y — вместимость памятиto i n s t a l l — устанавливать, встраивать, инсталлиро­ватьto transfer — переводить, переноситьto provide w i t h — обеспечивать чем-либоto s e c u r e — обеспечивать безопасность176understanding(Общеепониманиетекста):1.

What is software?2. In what two basic groups software (programs) couldbe divided?3. What is system software for?4. What is an operating s y s t e m — system or applica­tion software?5. What is a driver?6. What is application software?7.

What are application software for?8. What is the tendency in application software mar­ket in recent years?9. What is the application of the communication soft­ware?Задание 16.4. Ч т о из н и ж е п е р е ч и с л е н н о г о являет­ся программным обеспечением?1) Program2) Mouse3) CPU177/Урок 16Английский язык4) Word processor5) Modem6) Web-browser7) Operating system8) Scanner9) Developer10) EquipmentЗадание 16.5. К а к и е из п р и в е д е н н ы х н и ж е утвер­ж д е н и й верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой от­вет, о п и р а я с ь на текст.1. Computer programs only instruct the hardware howto handle data storage.2. System software controls internal computer activ­ities.3.

System software is very dependable on the type ofapplication software being used.4. The information about memory capacity, t h e modelof the processor and disk drives is unavailable fbr sys­tem software.5. The driver is a special device usually used by cardrivers for floppy-disk driving.6. It is very reasonable to ask for a driver when youbuy a new piece of hardware.7. Software developers tend to make their productsvery small and w i t h poor interface to save computerresources.8.

Communication software is of great need now be­cause of the new advances in communication technolo­gies.9. Application software is merely a general-purposeinstrument.1 0 . Web-browsers is the class of software for electroniccommunication through the network.178Задание 16.6. Н а й д и т е э к в и в а л е н т ы в тексте:1. Программное обеспечение определяет порядоквыполнения операций.2, Прикладные программы выполняют поставлен­ную вами конкретную задачу (удовлетворяют вашу по­требность)./3. Этот класс программ самый многочисленный иперспективный с точки зрения маркетинга.4. Системные программы предназначены д л я кон­кретных устройств компьютерной системы.5.

Устанавливая драйвер, вы «учите» систему «по­нимать» вновь присоединенное устройство.6. Когда компьютер впервые включается, одна изсистемных программ д о л ж н а быть загружена в его па­мять.7. Развитие систем электронной коммуникации запоследние пять лет стимулировала много к производ­ству соответствующих программных продуктов возра­стающим числом компаний-разработчиков.Задание 16.7. Д а й т е о п р е д е л е н и е , и с п о л ь з у я сло­варь:1) Software2) Driver3) Application software4) Operating s y s t e m5) Communication software6) Computer7) Peripheral device8) Operating s y s t e m179Урок 16Английский языкOperating s y s t e m sWhen computers were first introduced in the 1 9 4 0 " sand 5 0 " s , every program written had to provide instruc­tions that told the computer how to use devices such asthe printer, how to store information on a disk, as wellas how to perform several other tasks not necessarilyrelated to the program.

The additional program instruc­tions for working with hardware devices were very com­p l e x , and time-consuming. Programmers soon r e a l i z e dit would be s m a r t e r to develop one program that couldcontrol the computer's hardware, which others programscould have used when they needed it. With that, thefirst operating system was born.Today, operating systems control and manage the useof hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. Theyalso provide disk management by letting you store infor­mation in files. The operating s y s t e m also lets you runprograms such as the basic word processor. Lastly, theoperating s y s t e m provides several of i t s own commandsthat help you to use the computer.DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system.DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system.

DOSwas developed by, a company named Microsoft. MS-DOSis an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM firstreleased the IBM PC in 1 9 8 1 , IBM licensed DOS fromMicrosoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. Fromthe users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same,each providing the same capabilities and commands.The v e r s i o n of DOS release in 1 9 8 1 was 1.0. Over thet i m e t h e DOS developers release a new version, t h e yincrease the version number.W i n d o w s NT (new technology) is an operating s y s t e mdeveloped by Microsoft. NT is an e n h a n c e d version oft h e popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs.

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