Теоретическая фонетика английского языка (803492), страница 33
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High falling and falling-rising terminal tones are widely used as a meansof both logical and contrastive emphasis.We have described common prosodic features which can be viewed asmarkers of academic style. It should be mentioned that today academicpresentations vary considerably depending on the following factors: thetopic, the number oflisteners, their qualitative charactersistics (ethnic, so140Chapter V Phonostylisticscial, cultural, cognitive, psychological), character of speaker/audience relationship (formal/informal), method of delivery, individual manner of thelecturer. All these factors determine the prosodic realization of each particular public presentation.5.3.4. Publicistic styleThe term "publicistic" serves for many kinds of rhetorical activities,that is why this phonetic style is often called "oratorial".
It is a very broadnotion because there is a great deal ofoverlap between academic, publicisticand declamatory style when the basic aim of the speaker is persuasion. Butin publicistic speeches it is achieved not only through argumentation as inthe academic style or imagery as in the declamatory style, but through acombination of rhetorical strategies.This is especially noticeable in public political speeches of some politicians whose appeals to the nation are overloaded with all sorts of oratorialtricks and characterized by various contrasts in all prosodic features to produce a complex vocal effect, thus making the presentations more effective.Publicistic style is manifested in political, judicial, oratorial speeches,in sermons, parliamentary debates, at congresses, meetings, press conferences and so on.It has long been believed that public speaking is an art and rhetoricalskills need special training.
It is evident, of course, that intonation has always been of primary importance there and surely needed accurate trainingand exaggeration to achieve excessive emotional colouring. The use of prosodic contrasts makes the speaker sometimes go to extremes and becomeneedlessly dramatic.Another important feature of publicistic style speeches is that they arenever spontaneous. It is generally accepted that any professional talk is a"voyage", and it should be charted, but it is strongly advisable not to usenotes during the speech performance because they might destroy contactwith the listeners. A public speech is generally written and rehearsed beforehand, however, the speaker tries to create the effect of spontaneity and toavoid the impression ofcomplete preparedness, which contributes to effective interaction with the audience.As was stated above, the purpose of oratorial performances is to stimulate, inspire the listeners, to arouse enthusiasm in them; so the kinesic accompaniment - facial expressions, bodily movements, gestures - is extremely important and helps to achieve the task, to put heart into the talking.5.3.
Stylistic Use oflntonation141On the other hand, the proper response ofthe audience inspires the speakerand stimulates him for an ever more successful talk.One would always expect a political and judicial speech to be given in aforceful and lively manner because the effects offailing to be convincing islikely to be severe for speakers, politicians and judges especially. Thesespeeches are easily identified due to a set ofspecific grammar constructions,lexical means and intonation patterns.These features are absolutely predictable because they are markers of thisstyle.
For example, a very notable and common stylistic feature used here isparallelism - the repetition ofsyntactical, lexical and prosodic structures.Basically political speeches, addresses of Governments tend to be veryformal, so a great number of "high-flown" phrases, set expressions are common to this style as is seen from an imaginary political speech taken as amodel from the Advanced English Course:The '>I.time has 'almost 'come, 'ladies and ,gentlemen, I when the '>I.Government must 'ask 'YOU II the e'>l.lectors of'Great ,Britain I to re-+new, its,mandate.
It is as a -+member ofthe ,Government I that I'>I.stand be'fore you this,evening. I and the '>I.task I have 'set ll1J:,~1 is to re'>l.view 'many >things I whichthe -+Government has (L,chieved I since the '>I.lasf 'General Ejection I and to-+outline the ,path I which we '>I.hope to 'follow in the future, ,when, I as I am-+confident will be the ,case, I you re-+turn us to ,office I with an even "greater'parliamentary maJority.-+ No one will deny I that ~hat we have been 'able to 'do in the 'past 'five,vears I is es-+pecially ,striking in -+view oftheI which we in'>I.herited fromthe 'previous ,Government.
With '>I.wages and 'prices 'spiralling, upwards; I with a'>I.record 'trade >deficit Iorhundretis ofmillions of,pounds, I and with the -+pound>sterling IaFflicted by the evapo'ration ofinternational >confidence the '>I.country was 'then on the tbrink offi'nancial di,saster I and eco'nomic coUapse...It should be noted here, however, that in some public speeches theremay be deviations from formality and a contrast is often to be seen betweenthe highly formal and rather ordinary and in some instances even colloquiallanguage, when various illustrations, examples, comparisons, jokes, quotations are produced. So a good speaker is aware of a proper balance betweenintelligibility, formality and informality.Having outlined briefly the spheres ofthe publicistic style manifestationwe would like to concentrate now on the phonostylistic characteristics of apublicistic speech (Table 13).142Chapter V.
PhonostylisticsOn the prosodic level public monologues are characterized by markedvariations and contrasts within the systems of pitch, loudness, tempo andtimbre accompanied by kinesic components.These prosodic contrast'>, very expressive facial mimics and gesturesidentify certain oral texts as belonging to publicistic phonetic style.5.3. Stylistic Use ofIntonationTable 13 (Continued)Accentua- Pre-nudearpatternstion ofsemanticcentresTable 13Model Intonation Characteristics of Publicistic Oratorial SpeechVoice colouringdignified, self-assured, concerned and personally involved; a variety of attitudinal and modal expressions inthe voiceDelimitationphonopassages - phrases - intonation groupsStylemarkingprosodicfeaturesLoudnessenormously increased, ranging from forte to fortissimo;sometimes instances of diminished loudness are observedto bring out words and phrases ofparamount importanceand produce certain psychological effectRanges andlevelsvaried; the predominant use ofwide ranges withinthe phonopassage; a very high level of the start ofthe initial intonation groupsRatemoderately slow; the public :,peaker slows down to bringout communicatively important centres; less importantinformation entails acceleration of speedPausesdefinitely long between the passages; a great number ofbreath-taking pauses; pausation is commonly explicablein semantic and syntactic terms; interpausal segments arerather short, thus phrases may be overloaded by pauses ofdifferent length; another characteristic feature ofthis register is a rather frequent stop ofphonation before the emphatic semantic centre; it serves as a means of bringingout words and phrases; voiceless hesitation pauses occurto produce the effect of apparent spontaneity, "rhetoricalsilence" is often used to exert influence on the publicRhythmproperly organized; within the speech segments rhythmicgroups have recurrent alternation, which produces theacoustic effect ofstrict rhythmicaJityAceentua Terminaltion oftonessemanticcentresmostly emphatic, especially on emotionally underlinedsemantic centres; in non-final intonational groups falling-rising tones are frequent; terminal tones are contrastcd to distinguish between the formal segments of speechand less formal ones (illustrations, examples, jokes, andsoon)143The contrast betweenaccented andunaccentedsegmentscommon 0: e of the descending sequence of stressed syllables; alaI proportion of falling and steppingfrequently I roken by accidental rises to increa.'IC the emphasis; ano her common "rhetorical trick" is the tonalsubordinatl on when semantically and communicativelyimportant j ntonation groups contrast with their surroundings j n all prosodic features; so the high level headmaybe alte nated with the low level head, especially inenumeratic nsnot greatParalinguis- agreatnurr ber ofparalinguistic effects, kinesic compotic features nents - fac al expressions, bodily movements, gesturessubjected t( the main purpose of the pubJicistic discourse:to influenc( the audience, involve it into the talk and toexert the expected response from it------As any public ·speech is fully prepared and even rehearsed, it usuallygoes smoothly and with ease, without hesitation devices.
It is marked by itsdignified slowness, careful articulation and impressive resonance on themost important communicative centres and properly rhythmically organized. Of course, it is not always uniformly so. Occasionally a speaker maydrift from the register and sound less formal or even chatty or needlesslydramatic. On such occasions the speaker tries to entertain the public andthe speech is characterized by markers of declamatory, academic, informational or conversational styles.
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