Теоретическая фонетика английского языка (803492), страница 28

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Each text is likely to include phonetic characteristicsof different styles. In such cases we talk about overlapping or fusion ofstyles.We might conclude by saying that we hope this will be a usefulofknowledge for a learner of English because to be able to communicate ef­it is necessary to develop the awareness of different phoneticstyles of the language.

He or she should learn to discover the patternswhich differentiate style varieties to understand why people speak in acertain way and to determine what form of phonetic expression they maychoose, because the style should be as natural as dress and fit the time, the114Chapter V Phonostylisticsplace and the person.

The awareness of phonostylistic variations ofspeechis essential both for the correct interpretation of spoken discourse and forthe adequate speech production, in fact it is a basic component of speechculture and communicative competence.5.2. Stylistic Modifications of Speech SoundsStylistic sound variations are brought about by the extralinguisticsituation of the discourse. The first thing that counts in the stylisticmodifications ofsounds is the character of relationship between the par­ticipants of discourse, which is manifested in the degree of formality.

Itis assumed that in formal situations the participants tend to monitortheir linguistic behaviour, their pronunciation tends to be careful and ischaracterized by articulatory precision. In informal situations wherespeakers are more relaxed speech is generally faster and less careful. In­formal speech used in everyday conversation is often referred to as fast(rapid) colloquial speech.It is obvious that the extent to which coarticulation and simplifica­tion processes are displayed in connected speech depends on the styleand tempo of speech.

In formal speech the articulation is more carefuland precise. In informal casual discourse (fast colloquial speech) theseprocesses are more marked. In this section we shall give an overview ofthe modifications of speech sounds in the chain of speech which takeplace under the influence of the extralinguistic factors.The most frequent modifications of consonants in rapid colloquialspeech are:alveolar stops [t], [d] and in some cases [n] are modified underthe in­fluence ofthe following velar or labial consonant, e. g.that place ['o<ep 'pleIs]that book r'O<eD 'buk]hardproblem ['hu:b 'prnblClm]hard blow ['hu:b 'b13u]good morning [gug 'm;ml!)][s], [z] assimilate more often than in formal speech, they are modifiedunder the influence of the following palatal [j] and become palato­alveolar:miss youthis year as you [Cl3 ju:] as yet [Cl3 jet]1155.2. Stylistic Modifications of Speech Sounds[d] are affected by the following [j] in a similar way: and turn intopalato-alveolar affricates.

Tn this case both the place and the manner ofarticulation are involved in assimilation:would you ['wud3U']can't you ['ku:ntJu']mind you ['mamd3u'] about you in informal casual speech complete assimilation of consonants oftentakes place:let me ['lemrnt]nice shoes ['nalf'Ju:z] ten minutes ['tem'mmIis] [t] tends to be reduced to a glottal stop before a plosive consonant:didn't go ['dld!)?'kg3U]Great Britain ['rel?'pbrltn]In fast colloquial speech we can also observe elision of consonants. Eli­sion can be defined as a complete loss or disappearance of a speech sound,usually due to the increased rate of speech. The most typical cases of con­sonant elision are:elision of [h] in personal and possessive pronouns he, his, her, him andthe auxiliary verbs have, has, had: What has he done? [-7wutClZ r ,dAn];tends to be elided when preceded by [;x]: always [';XWIZ], all right[t] and [d] are often elided in consonant clusters when followed by an­ other consonant: next day ['neks 'del], mashed potatoes ['m~J next point [,neks 'p;)mt], second term ['sekn 't3:rn]; in the definite article the can be elided: and the reason for this [Clno'rtzn fCl OIS].As regards stylistic modifications of vowels we should point out that therealization of reduction as well as assimilation and accommodation dependson the style of speech.

In rapid colloquial speech reduction may resultvowel elision, the complete omission of the unstressed vowel. Elision mayoccur both within one word and at word boundaries: history ['hIstn], factory['f~ktn], phonetics [f'netlks], correct [krekt], perhaps [ph<eps], come along['k1l.m 'luI)] , get another [get 'n1l.0Cl], after allIn contrast to slow formal speech in which vowels have comparativequality stability, in rapid informal speech we can observe frequent soundvariability. Typical simplification processes in fast colloquial speech are:116Chapter V. Phonostylisticsreduction of [i:] and [u:] both in quantity and quality1 don't believe it [A daon(t)a new aspect [a 'n(j)umonophthongization of diphthongshere and there ['hIr an '0£]really strange ['[ah 'stremd3]now they ['naSouth ofItaly ['sa9 av 'dahland now we come to [an nA wr 'kAm ta]hope to settle it [ha taelision of schwa in the preposition or particle to:next to the door ['nekst t oa 'dJ:]to see them ['ts!"back to London ['b<ek t 'iAndn]elision of [I] in initial positionextremely [kstri:mh]it's necessary [is 'nesasan]it's paid well [tsNumerous simplification processes that were described are an attribute ofinformal casual speech, while prepared educated speech is characterized byarticulatory precision.

In terms of pronunciation teaching it is necessary tofamiliarize the foreign learners of English with these segmental modifica­tions, because they must be ready to recognize and decode them in the chainofspeech. However, they should be aware oftheir stylistic colouring and avoidextreme forms ofsimplifications outside fast colloquial speech.. As regards the .modifications of speech sounds that are the result ofcoarticulation processesin connected speech they should definitely be practised and mastered.5.3. Stylistic Use of Intonation1175.3. Stylistic Use ofIntonationIn our view the conception that the intonational style markers are restrictedto certain kinds of situational contexts and above all to the speakers' aim incommunication is extremely valuable.

Thus the intonational style is seen assome kind of additive by which a basic content of thought may be modified.Style is seen asthe variable means by which a message is communicated.It is already widely accepted that the purpose of communication deter­mines the types of information conveyed in oral texts. They may be intel­lectual, attitudinal (emotional, modal) and volitional (desiderative). Eachof these types is realized by means of specific prosodic parameters.It may be said that there is a strongly marked tendency for prosodic fea­tures to form a basic set of recurrent patterns, which is occasionally accom­panied by the introduction of specific prosodic and paralinguistic effects.The set of stylistically marked modifications of all the prosodic featuresrepresents the model ofa particular phonetic style.It should be mentioned here that each phonetic (intonational) style ex­ists in a number of variants which depend on a particular combination ofextralinguistic factors.

We call these variants registers. Registers can be ob­served in specific spheres of discourse.Prosodic characteristics which form the model of a particular style aremodified according to the forms of communication (monologue, dialogue,polylogue) and the types of speech production (speaking and reading), thedegree of spontaneity and formality and also in some cases methods of de­livery (see Tables 5, 6).We must admit, however, that any intonational style is an extremelycomplex and heterogeneous phenomenon.

Even a single speech act involvesan extraordinary range of factors and could be considered from different,sometimes even conflicting points of view.Confronted with all these difficulties a specialist in phonostylistics mustask himself/herself what the goal of analysis is and direct his/her attention.to the essentials. In this book the description will be focused on those styleforming features that may be of interest for would-be teachers of Englishand find practical application in their work.Figure 14The Role of the Degree of Formality in Phonetic Style Formation5.3.1.

Phonostyles and their registersThis section sets out to give a detailed description of each phoneticstyle, to provide and explain a framework for understanding variations ofstyle which match the needs of particular situations.~onal informalConversationalIL_Academic118Chapter V. Phonostylistics5.3. Stylistic Use of Intonation1195.3.2. Informational StyleTable 5a) spheres of discoursephonetIC style is sometimes qualified as "neutral", since it is the leastmarked kind of situationally influenced English.

It is perceived as neutral be­cause the main purpose ofthe speaker is to convey information without the ex­pressing personal concern and involvement. Evidently, there are theoretical andpractical reasons to use it as the starting point ofphonetic styles description.Where is this style manifested in its pure form? First of all, in the writtenvariety of an informational text read aloud. The written speech, the reading,should not be subjected to the contextual variables and the commonest and"ideal" situation for this register is the reading ofsuch texts in class. They maybe labeled as informational texts.Press reporting and broadcasting, especially the reading ofthe news cov­erage over the radio is another variant ofinformational style.The news bulletin and broadcast talk have both written and spokentences which are of equal importance for the simple reason that they werewritten specially to be read aloud.

The informational style is realized in otherspheres ofcommunication: business and legal intercourse, thli reading of ad­ministrative documents and so on (see Table 5).The degree of formality in the character of participants' relationship indifferent variants ofthe informational style presentation may smooth the bor­derline between them. Thus it would be wrong to identifY this style as formal,because the degree offormality may vary. As it was stated earlier, the contoursof the intonational styles in speech reality have not been very defmitely out­lined yet and there are overlaps ofphonetic styles. So the most informal real­ization ofany kind ofinformation in the form of a dialogue may be identifiedas conversational style, and, respectively, extra formal presentation of infor­mation may be attributed to an academic style talk and so on.We shall limit out description ofinformational style to two common vari­ants: educational information and press reporting/broadcasting. The tablebelow shows the correlation between the informational style registers, andspeech typology (see Table 5).Roughly speaking, any variety of the language, both written and spoken,may be presented either by reading or speaking in a prepared or spontaneousway in a formal or informal manner.We would like to attempt now to suggest certain spheres of discourse inwhich the informational style could be heard in relation to forms of com­munication and the number of participants involved (see Table 6)..l=...-5Speech typology'9I!!II<:>r!l:§~'Q~b.().e~.!..§~=-~'Q'E-­t·<:> ~~!'!'!j,u;'"~ Zlb.()~Q.I 01QCI.._=-,;.8 .9~.§'" =:,!.01~-=Ie...=­<:> '"'"<.IIg:gz!.b.().

.....,=~Informationali style registers<Il~=b.()~~...,<:>~~Q.I'"-=~I8. ..~<:>t~CI.-;~;aCI.=g<.I:==~~==­Sl1 l~ .s.:§ I Educational in­formation+++++++++++Press reportingand broadcasting,----­++++++++++LITable 6\1lrieties of the language and forms of communicationSpheresof dis­course(Regis­ters)Written variety of the language(Reading)Spoken variety of the language (Speaking)-----~-~-MonologueDialogue~.s.!it,Monologue.s.!OJ:='@<.I:==­.l<:>=Dialogue...:==<.Ii=:IPolylogue~~=­CI.8...=I=:.s.!::.c~1Readingtoa lis­tenerRead­inginclass-SpeakingpublicTalkingtoa lis­tenerTalkinginclassJusttalkingRound­tabletalks--Talkingontheeventsoverthe TVTalkingtoa lis­tenerComment­ingontheevents,discussingthemJustdiscussingtheeventsRound­tabletalks ofcommen­tatorsEducationalinfor­mationReadingin classPressreportingandbroadcastingReading Read­newsingcovernewsage over paperthe ra­to adio, Tv, lis­reading tenernewspa­perinclass=:=­8~I~.s.!::.c==----III120Chapter V.

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