Теоретическая фонетика английского языка (803492), страница 25
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I could havesaid what it was like to be a student here a hundred years ago. II I could havetold you about the famous people who'd come here. II J could have told youabout the great museums, I and libraries, I and college chapelsll, but you couldget all that out ofguidebooks IIand you'll be seeing most ofthese things anyway Ias you walk about.Rhythmical organization of spontaneous speech is more complicated,more varied and flexible, than that of a literary text. It is generally associated with physiological and cognitive processes in speech productionspeech perception.Finishing up this brief overview of the tendencies that characterize therhythm of oral discourse, we should say that in actual speech communication rhythmical patterns used by speakers vary considerably.
If speakersused the same rhythmical patterns, they would sound monotonous. Soalongside with regularity of rhythm we can observe all kinds of variationsand irregularities.4.6.4. Functions of rhythmRhythm serves to organize segments of speech: smaller units are organized into larger ones, larger units include smaller ones. Rhythmunites text segments into a whole and at the same time divides discourseThe west ofEngland was once remote, Iinaccessible I and inconvenient. IIinto elements. On the one hand, the stability of rhythm contributes toSomerset, I Devon, I Cornwall.
II Country cousins lived there, I whose uncouththe integration of the text and its parts. On the other hand, the change ofaccents Iprovoked ridicule I when they came up to town. II It was picturesque inrhythm marks the boundaries between parts of the text. So rhythm perthose parts, I but barbarous I and to be avoidedl except for purposes ofabsenteeforms the functions of delimitation and integration which form a dialeclandownership. IIItical unity.(Penelope Lively)Another function of rhythm is aesthetic. Rhythmically organizedis easily perceived and produces a certain emotional effect onspeechSome hours before dawn I Henry Perownel a neurosur.geonl wakes to findhumanbeings.
It is assumed that the regularity of speech rhythm is inhimself already in motion, I pushing back the covers from theharmonyand then rising to his feet. II It's not clear to him I when exactly he became con with biological rhythm. This use of rhythm is of special significance in poetry.sciousl, nor does it seem relevant. II He's never done such a thing before, I butRhythm can also make discourse expressive and thus increase itshe isn't alarmedl orevenfaintly surprised, Ifor the movement is easy, and pleapragmatic potential.
This function of rhythm is of special value in publicsurable in his limbs, I and his back and legs Ifeel unusually strong. IIspeaking. In rhetorical terms rhythmically organized speech is more(Ian McEwan)102Chapter Iv. Intonationfective. Admittedly, rhythmical effect in public speaking is achieved by acombination of lexical, syntactic and prosodic means. For example,rhythmicality may be created by repetitions, in which syntactic parallelism may be accompanied by the repetition of intonation patterns.In conclusion we must consider the problem of the acquisition ofEnglish rhythm by Russian learners of English.
In spite of the fact thatRussian belongs to the group of stress-timed languages as well as English, correct usage of English rhythm proves to be rather difficult forRussian learners. The following aspects are to be considered here:1. The traditional exercise that is recommended is to beat the rhythm sothat to practice regular rhythm. Despite the arguments among phoneticians about the isochrony of English rhythm it is necessary tomaster stress-timed rhythm. Special focus in such exercises shouldbe given to the contrast between stressed (strong) and unstressed(weak) syllables, since it is a very important aspect of Englishrhythm.2.
It is important to use weak forms in prepositions, articles, auxiliaries,conjunctions, personal and possessive pronouns, which generallyoccur in unstressed positions.3. Russian learners should be particularly careful in rhythm-unit break.The division into rhythmic groups does not necessarily coincide withpotential sense groups.4. For advanced learners it is essential to master the rhythmic organization of larger rhythmic units with regard for the style and genre ofspeech.SummaryIntonation is a language universal. It is indispensable in communication.Intonation is defined as a complex, a whole, formed by significantvariations of pitch, loudness and tempo (the rate of speech and pausation) closely related. The term "prosody" is used in suprasegmentalphonetics alongside with the term "intonation".Each component of intonation can be described as a system. Pitch isdescribed as a system of tones (Fall, Rise, Fall-Rise and so on), pitchSummary 103levels (keys), which can be high, medium and low, and pitch ranges(wide, medium and narrow).
Loudness is described as normal, increased(forte) or low (piano). Tempo includes rate of speech and pausation.The rate of speech can be normal, slow and fast. Pauses are classified according to their length, their position in the utterance (final - non-final) and their function (syntactic, emphatic and hesitation pauses)Viewed on the acoustic level each component of intonation has itsown acoustic correlate. The acoustic correlate of pitch is fundamentalfrequency of the vibrations of the vocal cords; loudness correlates withintensity, tempo correlates with time (duration) during which a speechunit lasts. All of them are closely interconnected in the processes ofspeech production and speech perceptionThe intonation pattern is the basic unit of intonation.
It serves toactualize syntagms into intonation groups. The nuclear tone is the mostimportant part of the intonation pattern. The nuclear tone may be followed by the tail. The two other components of the intonation pattern,the head and the pre-head form its pre-nuclear part.Intonation is as a powerful means of communication.
The communicative function of intonation embraces all its numerous uses, whichcan be grouped into the following functions: distinctive or phonological;organizing; pragmatic; rhetorical; social; stylistic.Performing its distinctive function intonation can differentiate thesyntactic (communicative) types of sentences, attitudinal meanings, theactual meaning of sentences.Intonation serves to structure the text.
On the one hand, it delimitates the text into smaller units, on the other hand, it ties together smaller units into bigger ones.Intonation conveys the information content of an utterance. It highlights the most important information in an utterance and helps to distinguish which information is new (the rheme) and which information isknown to the listener (the theme).Intonation plays a very important role in structuring spoken discourse. At the same time it reflects the influence of the context, bothverbal and extralinguistic, on the speech realization.Speech rhythm is defined as a regular occurrence of stressed syllables in a speech continuum.
English is a stress-timed language. In suchlanguages rhythm is based on a larger unit than syllable, the rhythmicgroup. The stressed syllables in the rhythmic group form peaks of prominence.r104Chapter 1V. IntonationSpeech rhythm is regulated by the style of speech. Maximum rhythmicality is observed in poetry. Rhythm performs the functions of delimitation and integration, aesthetic and pragmatic functions.Chapter VPHONOSTYLISTICS5.1.
The problems of Phonostylistics5.1.1. Phonostylistics as a branch of phonetics5.1.2. Extralinguistic situation and its components5.1.3. Style-forming factors5.1.4. Classification of phonetic styles5.2. Stylistic modifications of speech sounds5.3. Stylistic use of intonation5.3.1. Phonostyles and their registers5.3.2. Informational stylea) spheres of discourseb) informational texts (reading)c) infonoational monologues (speaking)d) informational dialoguese) press reporting and broadcasting5.3.3.5.3.4.5.3.5.5.3.6.Academic stylePublicistic styleDeclamatory style. Artistic readingConversational style5.1. The problems ofPhonostylistics5.1.1. Phonostylistics as a branch of phoneticsSo far we described phonetic units as part ofthe language system.
Whenlanguage is used in speech phonetic units undergo various changes so it canbe assumed that pronunciation is not homogeneous. These variations ofphonetic units are the result of numerous factors which are referred to asextralinguistic, because they lie outside the system of the language.
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