Теоретическая фонетика английского языка (803492), страница 27
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Toanalyze and describe them we must single out constant and definite features of the situational circumstances of the lan!,'Uage event that are relevant for the phonetic level of analysis. These features, or factors, that result in phonostylistic variety are:- the purpose, or aim ofcommunication;- the degree offormality of the situation;- the degree of spontaneity;- the speaker's attitude.110Chapter V PhonostylisticsWe should mention here that the purpose, or aim of communicationmay be called a style forming factor, while all the others cause modificationswithin a particular style, which accounts for the existence of different ldndsand genres of texts within each phonetic style.All the above-mentioned factors are interdependent and interconnected.They are singled out with the purpose ofdescribing phonetic phenomena.Now we shall consider each ofthe factors and try to explain what sort ofphonetic variations may correlate with each of them.The aim ofcommunication can be described as the general strategy ofthelanguage user.
In other words, it is what the language is being used for: is thespeaker trying to persuade, to exhort, to discipline. Is the speaker teaching,advertising, amusing, controlling, etc. ? The speaker selects a number offunctional phonetic means which would make the realization of the particular aim more effective.For the purposes ofthis book we consider it adequate to distinguishfollowing aims of communication:giving information- educating- producing emotional impression- influencing a person's mind (persuading)- conversing.Inside these basic aims we can distinguish many more minor types, thatcause variations of phonetic means.Among the extralingustic factors determining the use ofphonetic meansit is the fonnality of the situation which is often referred to.
It is obvious thatthe process of speaking is based on the recognition of social roles and relationships. The interaction of individuals depends upon their learning andaccepting the roles of social behaviour. Social relationships are reflected inthe degree of formality of the discourse. The degree of formality indicateshow the speaker interacts with the listener.As it was already mentioned, formality results from the character of relationships among the participants of language events, ranging from extreme degrees of formality to extreme degrees of informality.
So we mightsay that spoken language shapes relationships, it defmes and identifies them,and it is the category of formality which shows ifwe speak the right kind oflanguage. According to the degree offormaJity speech situations are generally described in terms offormal- informal, official unofficial.There is another factor which is often mentioned in connection withthe degree of formality. It is the number of addressees.
Discourse can be5.1. The Problems ofPhonostylistics111public or non-pUblic. Speech is qualified as public when the speaker is listened to by a group of people; non-public communication occurs in faceto-face interaction. It would be fair to mention that there is no direct correlation between the formality of the situation and public - non-pUbliccharacter ofcommunication.
Thus, a public presentation may be rather informal, while speech interaction involving two participants may be quiteformal.Another important extralinguistic factor is the degree of spontaneity. Ifwe examine speech situations we can distinguish between those in whichpeople speak spontaneously as opposed to those in which they speak nonspontaneously, as actors and lecturers generally do. The types of speech situations that lead to spontaneous speech are: everyday conversation, sportscommentaries of an event actually taking place and so on.Analyzing the most important characteristics of a spoken spontaneoustext we should first of all mention a phenomenon called "hesitation".
Thehesitation phenomenon breaks the regularity and evenness of the phoneticform. There appear pauses of various length and quality, which seldom occur at phonetic juncture; lengthening of sounds within words and in theword final position. A spontaneous text is characterized by a number of relevant features both on segmental and suprasegmentallevels: simplificationofsound sequences, non-systematic rhythm; incomplete melody contours;abundance of pauses, varying loudness, narrow pitch range, varying tempo(from very fast to very slow).In teaching English, especially spoken English one should be well awareof specific phonetic markers of natural speech. A student of English shouldbe specially taught such peculiarities. Otherwise a spoken text would soundurmatural.The speaker's attitude is another category which is included into the setof style-forming factors.
It is common knowledge that a communicationsituation is part of a human being's life situation. So it is natural for a language user to consider the situation from his/her point of view, revealingpersonal interest and involvement in what he or she is saying. Obviously, theattitude ofthe speaker both to the message and to the other participants ofcommunication is reflected in his/her choice of phonetic means.We should mention that all these extralinguistic factors in their combination determine the choice of phonetic means in different fonns of communication. Generally two forms of communication are distinguished according to the number of participants involved in a speech activity:monologue and dialogue. A monologue is the participation of one individChapter V.
Phonostylistics112ual in speech production. A dialogue involves the participation of others.An important feature to be considered here is that in monologuing thespeaker does not expect an immediate response, while in a dialogue there isinteraction: participants expect each other to respond. PhonostyJistic peculiarities ofdifferent forms of communication will be described in 5.3.5.1.4.
Classification of phonetic stylesAll the extralinguistic factors that were described contribute to the formation of a particular phonetic style. It should be mentioned that there exist different classifications of phonetic styles. Each of these classifications isbased on the criterion, which the scholar who created it considers to be themost reliable. Thus, S. M. Gaiduchick distinguishes five phonetic styles:solemn (TOp)[(eCTBeHHbIH), scientific-business (Hay'mO-)l.eJ10Bolt), officialbusiness (TOp)[(eCTBeHHO-)l.eJ10Bolt), everyday (6bITOBOH) and familiar (HerrplfHY)[()l.eHHblli) (S. Gaiduchick, 1972) As we can see the above-mentioned classification correlates with the system of functional styles of thelanguage. The styles are differentiated on the basis of spheres of discourse.A different principle of classification is suggested by Y A.
Dubovsky whosingles out the following five styles: informal ordinary, formal neutral, forfamiliar and declamatory. The divisioIi is based ondifferent degrees of formality or rather familiarity between the speaker andthe listener. Within each style subdivisions are observed. But as the authorhimself writes, it is rather a principle of presenting texts for description andanalysis because "no theory has yet created a completely symmetrical classification of speech acts" (Y Dubovsky, 1978).We think that the classification ofphonetic styles should be based on thepurpose of communication, which is the most significant extralinguisticfactor.
However, when choosing an adequate criterion for the classificationwe should take into consideration the difference between the segmental andsuprasegmental levels of analysis. The point is that stylistic variations ofsounds and intonation result from different combinations of extralinguisticfactors. Thus, stylistic modifications of sounds are caused primarily by thedegree of formality, while variations of intonation are basically determinedby the aim of communication. The degree ofthe influence of each factor isalso different as regards segmental and suprasegmental units. So in the classification of phonetic styles presented here we tried to combine both segmental and suprasegmental characteristics oforal discourse not only for thepurpose ofphonostylistic analysis but also for the purpose ofteaching Eng5.1. The Problems ofPhonostylistics113lish pronunciation.
Further on we are going to look in more detail at thestylistic modifications of sounds and intonation and specify the particularextralinguistic factors which bring about these modifications.Table 4The Influence of Extralinguistic Factorson Segmental and Suprasegmental Characteristics of Speech--Phonetic unitsExtralinguistic factorsSegmental (speech sounds)degree of formality, degree of spontaneitySuprasegmental (intonation)purpose of communication, degree offonnality, degree of spontaneity, speaker's attitude---Five phonetic styles can be singled out according to the purpose of communication:I. Informational style;2. Academic (Scientific) style;3.
Publicistic (Oratorial) style;4. Declamatory (Artistic) style;5. Conversational (Familiar) style.Figure 13Classification of Phonetic Stylesinformational style conversationalstyleWe could add that any style with very few exceptions is seldom realized in its pure form.
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