Теоретическая фонетика английского языка (803492), страница 30
Текст из файла (страница 30)
The basic writ ofa spoken monologue is also a 'phonopassage but its stretch is greatly varied, much greater thanin reading. As in oral speech the rules of syntax are not strictly followed, passages are broken into utterances which do not often coincide with sentences.Pauses at the end ofthe phrase are commonly optional; hesitation pauses oftenbreak a syntagm into several intonation groups and occur both intentionallyand non-intentionally. They may be filled and non-filled (silent):Terminal tones are fmal and categoric, the emphasis being achieved bythe use of high (medium) abrupt falls, or several falls within one interpausalunit.
Low rising and Mid-level tones are common for initial or non-finalintonation groups to bind them together into a phrasal unit:In >Oxford I we don't have a ,May Week.IITypes of heads are varied: level heads of one accentuated pre-nuclearprevail, sometimes several partially accented syllables occur between them. Descending falling heads are also quite common, they are occasionally broken by the "accidental rise":'Personally I I come from 'Oxford University, Iso ....1 know tfar more about'Oxford. IIAs the monologue is quite spontaneous the contrast between accentedand non-accented segments is great; centralized type of stress helps to underline the semantic centres:This is par'ticularly ~trange I as it "'doesn't 'happen in ,May I and is "'not in'fact a 'week. IINow the auditory analysis of various informational monologues andphonetic research allow us to conclude that this description may be appliedto the majority ofspoken monologues produced within the register and maybe treated as a model informational spoken monologue.What I ....mean ,bumping races I is when the ,aim is >to I >bump \ ....back ofthe'boat \ in front ofyou I on the ....Cam ,river.
IIIAs the speaker addresses a comparatively small group of people theloudness is not greatly varied but for the decrease towards the end of thepassage. The increase ofloudness is evident at the start of the phonopassageand on its emphatic communicative centres. This may be also referred tolevels and ranges.The rate ofutterances is remarkably varied. In the majority of cases it isnormal, but increases towards allegro on less significant units and decreasestowards lento on emphatic centres of the phrase or supraphrasal units.The length of pauses depends on their syntactical and semantic value,the maximum length being at the passage boundaries.This spoken monologue is characterized by non-systematic rhythrnicality; the rhythmicality within the phonopassage is achieved by thenation of all prosodic parameters.1255.3.
Stylistic Use oflntonationTable 8Prosodic Characteristics of Infonnational Monologue (Speaking)\bice colouringThe speaker soundsdispassionate, hll~ine~~like. reserved, occasionally interestedI2DelimitationThe text is divided intophonopassages phrases - intonation groups; a number of hesitation and breath~taking pauses (filled andsilent) break phrases into a great number of intonational groups, destroying their syntactic structure--------------StylemarkingprosodicfeaturesLoudnessnormal (or piano); contrastive at the passage boundaries; diminuendo (decrease) towards the end oht; increase ofloudness on semantic centresChapter V.
Phonostylistics126Accentuation ofsemanticcentres127Levels andrangesdecrease oflevels and ranges within the passage; variousranges and levels bind together several successive sequences into a larger unitRatevariable, allegro on interpolations, lento on emphaticsemantic centresPausesvaried, the length depends on the syntactical and semantic value of the segment, the maximum length being at the passage boundaries5. In spontaneous speech an intonation group doesn't always coincidewith a syntagm.
Pauses at the end ofthe phrase are optional.6. The reading is characterized by a decentralized stress distributionwhereas speaking - by a centralized one.7. In spontaneous speech communicative centres are more vividly emphasized; the emphasis is achieved by a wider range of terminal tones,greater degree ofloudness and prominence of accented segments.8. The reading is rhythmical, oral speech rhythm is non-systematic, unpredictable, variable.Rhythmnon-systematic, subjective isochrony, centralizedstress distribution, the rhythmicality within the phonopassage is achieved by the alternation of all prosodic featuresComparison of Intonation Models of Informational MonologuesTable 8 (Continued)Stylemarkingprosodicfeatures5.3.
Stylistic Use ofIntonationTerminaltonesTable 9common use of final categoric falls on semantic centres, non-fmal falls, mid-level and rising tones on nonfinal intonation group; the emphasis is achieved by theuse of high falls (very abrupt for a male voice)PhonostysticcharacteristicsVarieties of the languageReadingSpeaking123Pre-nuclearpatternsvaried, common use oflevel heads with one accentuated pre-nuclear syllable; descending falling heads are often broken by the "accidental rise"Voicecolouringimpartial, dispassionate, reserved resonantdispassionate, businesslike, reserved, occasionally interestedThe contrastbetween accented andunaccentedsegmentsgreat, achieved by the centralized stress pattern, increase ofloudness, levels and ranges on semantic centres, high categoric falls; emphatic stress on them andother variations of all prosodic characteristicsDelimitationphonopassages phrases - intonationgroups; pauses aremostly at syntacticaljunctures normally ofmedium length, but forthe end of the passagephonopassages - phrases - intonation groups; a number ofhe sit ation and breath-taking pauses(filled and non-filled) breakphrases into a great number of intonation groups, destroying theirsyntactic structureLoudnessnormal (piano)throughout the text,varied at the phonopassage boundariesnormal (piano), contrastive at theboundaries, decrease towards theend of the passage; increase on semantic centresLevelsandrangesdecrease of levels andranges within the passagedecrease oflevels and ranges within the passage; various ranges andlevels bind together several sequences into a larger unitRatenormal (moderate) orslow, not variablevariable; allegro on interpolations,lento on emphatic centresPausesnot greatly varied,mostly syntactical, occasionallyemphaticvaried; the length depends on thesyntactical and semantic value ofthe segment, the maximum lengthbeing at the passage boundariesOur task now is to compare the prosodic characteristics ofthe two varieties ofthe language in this register.
The results ofthe comparison are shownin Table 9.We can make the following conclusion:1. Written text (read aloud) and spoken text belonging to the same phonetic style have different prosodic realizations.2. In oral speech prosodic characteristics are more vivid, expressive and varied.3. The speaker often uses some hesitation phenomena (hesitation pauses,semantic noises and temporizers) intentionally, which enables him toobtain the balance between formality and informality and establish contact with the public.4. The speaker uses various hesitation phenomena unintentionally whichenables him to gain the time in search for suitable expression or ideaand thus not interrupt the flow of speech.Otherstylemarkingprosodicfeatures128Chapter V. PhonostylisticsBy way ofconclusion we would advise future teachers of English to driftthe traditional, non-stylistic approach to the language teacbing intbeir future practical work and pay special attention to tbe differences between the two varieties of the language.d) informational dialoguesNow we shall focus on the dialogues within the sphere of the informational style discourse.It is quite obvious that there are certain things common to all dialoguesas opposed to monologues and we would like to describe them here.Firstly, a dialogue is a coordinated simultaneous speech act of two participants or rather a speaker and a listener.
In this form of communicationparticipants expect eacb otber to respond and conversation is controlled bygenerally accepted rules of speech behaviour. The most important of them istaking conversational turns. It is essential that in any successful conversation"give-and-take" between the sender and receiver should be maintained.The attention-getting function is established by putting all sorts ofquestions, agreement question tags to show the interest and guide the course ofthe talk towards a given theme and also by using all sorts of responsenon-response words and utterances both of verbal and non-verbal character.
The speakers sometimes talk simultaneously. The utterances tend to beincomplete since the context can make perfectly plain to them what was being intended thus making redundant its vocal expression.Hesitation phenomena are of primary significance in dialogues. Voiceless hesitation is very frequent, it tends to occur relatively randomly, not justat places of major grarnmaticaljunctions, which is more the pattern ofwritten English read aloud. \biced hesitation consists of hesitant drawls, verbaland non-verbal fillers such as el, ehm, mm.Dialogue is often accompanied by means of non-verbal communication facial expressions (a raised eyebrow, a glance towards the partner,etc.), gestures, body movements and noises such as artificial clearing of the5.3.Use ofIntonation129throat, snorts, sniffs, laughs and other paralinguistic features of significance.On the lexical and grammatical level there is a comparatively highproportion of errors which do not seem to bother the speakers.Interpolations are commonly inteJjectional, their function is primarilyto indicate that attention is being maintained.We should also mention here all sorts of introductions, afterthoughts,parenthetical words.Dialogues are commonly characterized by a large number of looselycoordinated clauses, the coordination being stmcturally ambiguous, andloosely coordinated sentence-like structures.The phonostylistic analysis of a sample of informational dialogue willallow us to single out the prosodic distinctive features, marking this varietyof dialogues.The talk is about two oldest universities of Britain - Oxford and Cambridge.
This is a mono-thematic talk, though the speakers display some obvious differences of opinion on the subject matter.Oxford and Cambridge UniversitiesA: I think some .....people might beinterested >to \ oknow Iwhat>the \principal 'differences are \ between the "'sort ofedu'cation you >get I at . . .Oxfordand ,Cambridge I and "'any 'other 'type of Uni'versity edu,cation. IIB: > Um... 11A: > What? \ '" What:y the 'sort of>thing \ that you would 'hif!hlighl? IIB: ,Natura/JJ!.
\ >difJerences I inA: 'Yes. "B: I sup,pose... IA: >Well, I what the universityone. I >Why, \for example one would>choose... IIB: Ah, I I ,see. IIA: Xes ... to "'go to 'one ofthose uni>versities \ orapp'ly to one ofthose universities \ "'other to 'take the 'extra exam. IIB: ,Yes. II >Er, I ,certainly, I >er, I I thinkjust >this I is 'social life in invertedthing about the university \ >which'commas >is \ >er \ a >very Iin a way's I "'certainly a I part of edu'cation you rej:eive I when you go to'Oxford or 'Cambridge ... IIA: The tu.. . torial ,system I I >think I is agood system I >which'sbeen \par"'ticularly "'finely 'turned up in (bford and ,Cambridge...B: Xa. II130Chapter V Phonostylistics5.3. Stylistic Use ofIntonation131Occasional emphatic pauses and frequent use of hesitation pauses (bothA: ...though it ,does exist in ,other universities.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
