Теоретическая фонетика английского языка (803492), страница 31
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II You have a "'great 'deal morefilled and silent) are also characteristic of this talk:,freedom I about what you are going >to \ "'what 'course of >study you arepre-+cisely going to >follow. IIB: .Yes. II >Er, I ,certainly, I>er, II thinkjust >this I'social life in inverted 'comB: ,Ya.11mas \ >is \ >er \ a >very at'tractive thing about the university...A: There's "'very much 'left >to \one's own ,choice. You >have...
II In 'my courseI remember II could look up -+pages and 'pages ofthings that I could potenAmong style-marking prosodic features we should mention the followtially ,do. IIing:B: ,Yes. IILoudness is normal or reduced (piano), varied at the block boundaries.A: It was -+really just a ,question of ,one .sitting 'out I what I "'really wanted toImportantvariation in loudness suggests the degree of seriousness of the,tin. IIIthematic information. Sometimes the speakers lower their voices to an inaudible mumble or simply trail off into silence, which is undoubtedly conThe participants are post-graduates, students ofthe Russian language ofnected with changes in levels and ranges that are lowered and narrowed forOxford and Cambridge Universities who know each other quite well.
Theymany monosyllabic responses.are in the same age group (mid-twenties) and share the same university edThe rate is flexible as the speakers wish it to be. A speaks very slowly, B ucational background as mature students.a bit faster, but for both of them the speed is characteristically uneven.They discuss quite spontaneously a serious topic, in which they areThe rhythm is non-systematic, greatly varied, interpausal stretches havecompetent, interested, but not emotionally involved and concerned.amarkedtendency towards subjective rhythmic isochrony; rhythmicalityThe subject matter is serious and the speakers sound rather formal,within the block is achieved by the variation of all prosodic parameters.businesslike, but occasionally interested and even involved.The accentuation of semantic centres is achieved by the use of emphatTo maintain contact the participants use words like: yes, right, sure, ofic and compound tones (High Falls, Fall-Rises, Fall + Rises), increase ofcourse, expressing immediate reaction as well as all kinds of non-verballoudness, widening of the range of nuclei, changes in the rate of utterancessounds and noises like hm, mm, er, um, aha, etc.and by a great contrast between accented and unaccented segments ofThe speakers are relaxed and not worried about the impression they arephrases.creating unlike a lecturer or a public speaker.
Slips and errors of grammarPre-nuclear fragments are usually very short - heads with one accentedoccur and do not bother them. Similarly, slight carelessness of pronunciapre-nuclear syllable are most common. High pre-heads occur very often.tion is common, thus we may speak about occasional deviations from theThe observations made during the auditory analysis of this dialogue andelaborated code.a great number of similar dialogues allow us to sum up the phonostylisticAs any dialogue is a simultaneous act on the part of the sender and adcharacteristics of informational spontaneous dialogues.dressee' they are both mutually dependent and adapt to each other's strategies.
Intonation contributes to establishing and maintaining contact beTable 10tween the participants.Prosodic Characteristics of Informational Spontaneous DialoguesThe dialogue falls into coordinated blocks, split into dialogical units(stimulus - response). Each unit is characterized by semantic and phoneticVoicebusinesslike, detached, occasionally interestedintegrity, by certain prosodic interrelated features. The ends of utterancecolouringpauses are frequently absent due to the rapid taking up cues:Delimicoordinated block - dialogical units (stimulus reB: IsupposeA: Well, what the university offers one. fJihy, for example one would choose...B: Oh,Isee.tationsponse) - phrases - intonation groups, frequent absenceof end-of-utterance pauses due to the rapid taking up ofcues; frequent use of hesitation pauses (filled and silent),occasional silence for purposes of emphatic pauseChapter V.
Phonostylistics132Table 10 (Continued)Loudnessnonnal or reduced (piano expression); variation ofit atblock boundaries and also for the accentuation of semanticcentres; occasional inaudible lowered mumbles and trailingoff into silence occurring by the end ofthe segmentsLevels andrangesespecially for the contrastive accentuationof semantic centres; narrowed pitch ranges for manyRateslow or and interpolations, I.l1i:1.1i:l.I.lvjas one wishes it to be --------------------------Pausesmay be of any length; their length being the marker ofcontact between the speakers; simultaneous speaking isquite common; silence ofany stretch occurs for the sakeof emphasis and as a temporizer to gain some time beforethe viewRhythmnon-systematic, greatly varied, interpausal stretches havea marked tendency towards the subjective rhythmic i80chrony; rhythmicality within the block is achieved by thevariation of all prosodic parameters------~------+---------~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~.Accentuationofsemanticcentresuneven, as flexibleTerminaltonesregular use offalling (high and medium) final and categoric tones, the increase of the range of the nuclei on thesemantic centres; occasional usage oflevel and low risingtones in non-fmal groups, of emphatic tones (High Fall,Fall-Rise, Rise-Fall) on emphatic semantic centres; highnr£vnrvrti.-." of narrow ranges throughout the responsesI-------lc~c~~~Pre-nuclearpatternscommon use oflevel heads, usually with one accented preand high pre-heads, longer pre-nucleardo occur, then suddenwithin the segments characterize them--------------~~~The contrastbetweenaccented andunaccentedsegmentsthe variations in all prosodic parameComparing informational monologue - dialogue l'HUHU"LYacteristics we can make the following conclusions:1.
The structural hierarchy of a monologue is: phonopassages - phrasesintonation groups; whereas the one of a dialogue is: dialogue blocksdialogue units - phrases - intonation groups.5.3. Stylistic Use ofIntonation1332. In a dialogue there is a wider range ofcontrasts in prosodic and paralinguistic effects.3. In a dialogue there is a strong tendency to keep the utterances short, tobreak up potentially lengthy intonation groups wherever possible. Theaverage length of units in the majority of cases falls within the range ofwords.
Relatively high proportion of incomplete phrasal segmentsis noticeable. Phrases are commonly short at the beginning, longer astopics are introduced, longer still as argument develops and short againas the end approaches.4. In a dialogue there is no stable pattern of rhythm.5. The tempo (rate + pauses) in a monologue is normally less varied but inboth cases it is conditioned by the importance of information, the fluency of speakers, their familiarity with the topic (theme) and experience in speaking. In general in a monologue slower speech is expected.By way of conclusion we would like to say that informational style iswidely used in classroom interaction which makes it a useful model forteaching and learning the production of spoken English.e) press reporting and broadcastingIt has already been stated above that press reporting and broadcasting isa rather complicated non-homogeneous phenomenon and may be variedfrom the stylistic point of view.The chief function of a newspaper and news bulletin is to inform, topresent a certain number of facts to a reader, a listener, or a viewer with theeffect of giving the impression of neutral, objective, factual reporting.
Alltypes of discourse in that style share some important prosodic features.It should be noted, however, that the speech of radio and television announcers is somewhat different, because a TV news reader accompaniesvocal expression by non-verbal means of communication (facial expression, gestures). The radio announcer tends to exaggerate certain prosodicfeatures to be better understood by the listeners.Here is an example of radio news coverage:-"Thirty-five vvehicles \ 'were in"'volved in a tmultiple col'Usion \ on the"'M 'I 'motorway this omorning.
II The -"accident oc>curred I about "'three milesof the 'Newsport 'Pagnell vservice area I when an ar-"ticulated vlm:!:J:. I"'carrying a 'load of-ySteel bars I 'j1JJ:kknifgd andII A "'number of'lorry drivers and vmotorists II were un,able to pull J!Jl in time I and ran 'into theChapter V Phonostylistics134overturned v vehicle l-tcausing g/tll!Jilg/pikup. III "'Some ofthe 'steel barsfromthe >load I were -+flung by the .Impact I across the 'central re'serve into the'southbound vcarriagewav I which was re-tStricted to 'single-lane 'working because of re'pairs and re- v swfacing I >causing I "'several 'minor ,accidents. IWith "'both 'carriageways vblocked Ipolicethe motorwayfor a ,time Ianddi"'version signs were 'posted at the 'nearestroads. III "'Breakdown 'vehiclesand vambulances I had con-tsiderable >difJiculty I in reaching the 'scene oftheinI and the 'flashing 'am,accident I because of'fgg· II This wasber ,/ightsignals Ihad been -+switched ,on \for-tmostofthe ,night.
So jar Ithereare -+no re>ports I of"'anyone 'seriously\ in theIIVoice colouring may be characterized as unemotional, dispassionate,reserved, but very resolute and assured, a typical case of a newsreader's"neutral position", deliberately underlying the effect of objectiveness onthe part of the newsreader.Loudness ranges from normal to forte; it is especially varied at passageboundaries.Levels and ranges are usually normal, but contrasted when each newsitem is introduced and also at the semantic emphatic centres.Pauses tend to be rather long, especially when they occur between passages, longer still between the bulletin items. The location ofpauses is commonly predictable, syntactically or semantically determined.Rate is not remarkably varied.
It is normally slow, rarely allegro: deliberately slow (lento) on communicatively important centres.Rhythm exhibits a stable pattern.Types of heads vary, the most common being descending (falling andstepping), very often broken by accidental rises.Another very common phenomenon is the variation of descending andascending heads of different levels to convey the information in a really interesting way, especially in the enumeration of the events:,discipline I was -+much worse in this ,country I than in A'merica IIand the "'habits of'drivers when 'overtaking I were par'ticularly bad.
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