Теоретическая фонетика английского языка (803492), страница 35
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PhonostylisticsTable 14 (Continued)Accentuation ofsemanticcentresTerminaltonesPre-nuclearpatternscommon use of categoric low and high fails in final andeven initial intonation groups and on semantic centres;occasional use of rising and level tones to break the monotonyand in initial groups to connect segments ofthephraseIvaried, contain patterns which have both common emphatic and non -emphatic usage; for the emphasis thefollowing patterns are most frequently used: Low Head+ High Fall, High Head + Low Fall, High Head +High Fal, Stepping Head + High FallThe connot greattrast between accented andunaccentedsegmentsOn the prosodic level the markers ofthe declamatory style reading are:1.
Slow tempo, caused by the lento rate ofutterances and prolonged pauses, especially at the passage boundaries.2. Stable rhythmicality.3. The use of the falling terminal tones in initial intonation groups, theincrease oftheir range with the emphasis.Now by way of conclusion we would like to say that we have made anattempt here to describe one type of the declamatory style reading, whichmay be valuable for teachers of English. Language teachers should pay agreat deal of attention to expressive declamatory reading as it helps studentsto understand and appreciate literature, broadens their horizons. Artisticreading can show them the subtleties of the author's intention, unlock hissecrets and pave the way to something new, something different.5.3.6.
Conversational styleaim of this section is to analyse variations that occur in naturalspontaneous, everyday speech. It is the most commonly used phoneticstyle and consequently a variety which will be more familiar to the vastmajority of English-speaking people than any other. That is why it iscalled familiar. This kind of English is also a means for everyday communication, heard in natural conversational interaction between speak5.3.
Stylistic Use ofTntonation149ers. So it is generally called conversational. Some scholars also call itinformal, because this style occurs mainly in informal external andinternal relationships in the speech ofrelatives, friends and the like.In informal situations, where speakers are more relaxed, less attentionis given to the effect they produce on the listeners, because, as it has already been mentioned, in formal situations they monitor their linguisticlife a morebehaviour, perhaps sometimes unconsciously. But innatural and spontaneous style will be used.
It is the style at the extremeinformal end of the stylistic linear continuum that is known as "vernacular". Thus all speakers have a vernacular style but its variations in the useof non-standard norms depend on the social background. In this stylevariation will be at its most consistent leveL It is the most situationally influenced kind of English.
From pedagogical viewpoint this English seemsto be one of the most useful and least artificial kinds of the language toteach foreign learners.We would also point out here that in conversational style the emoreaction to the stimulating speech signals is very important so thelllluuinal function ofintonation here comes to the fore. Therefore one isto find here a wider range ofcontrasts at any level than could be expected elsewhere .. We have already outlined specifications of differenttypes of dialogues, classified them according to the degree offormality, sohere we will attempt to gain some insight into everyday conversations.Conversations are one of the most complex forms of human behaviour.
When one starts to examine in depth even apparently trivial conversations, the complexity soon becomes obvious and, as with most otheraspects of language study, new dimensions to the study appear.Clearly, a conversation consists of more than verbal language. Communication, to be effective, relies on other features than language and agreat deal on what is not said. A measure of common understanding has toexist between speakers.
Where this common understanding is lacking,failures in communication are apt to occur.In a conversation we do not just listen to words, we derive the meaningconsciously or unconsciously from a number of other communicative systems and it could be that a lift of an eyebrow, a twitch of the mouth, or asilence tell us more than a dozen sentences.But undoubtedly the verbal part of the communication plays a veryimportant role and has its own systems too but only linked with other effective ways contributed by the speakers.
The full effect is achievedmeanings are exchanged even with strangers and about unfamiliar topics.150Chapter V. PhonostylisticsSo to study conversational interactions means to study some of the"rules" of non-verbal behaviour in relation to particular cultures and societies and also to study the linguistic rules governing the talks.
Both typesof study are still in relatively early infancy and the study ofthe relationshipbetween them is even less advanced.Another complexity in carrying out research of this type of speech liesin the procedural difficulties ofobtaining reliable data. It is well-known thatmost people behave differently ifthey are aware ofbeing tape-recorded, butunfortunately linguists cannot analyse everyday language without makingtape recordings first.So of course the recorded samples of spontaneous mlormal conversations are not quite reliable.
The only safe way of obtaining data isthe technique of "surreptitious" recording. However, the transcript ofthesetalks doesn't show non-verbal means of communication - postures, gestures, facial expressions, manners and other superficial manifestationswhich constitute the so-called "silent language" ofpeople. With the invention of "video" one can easily solve this problem and the fieldwork procedures using it will be able to achieve quite realistic, objective data and investigate the phenomena in all its complexity and unity.Unfortunately, in this book we rely only upon the tapescripts of everyday informal conversations recorded for English textbooks.Spontaneous, colloquial, informal conversations display certain common linguistic characteristics.1. Firstly, talks ofthis kind are characterized by the inexplicitness ofthelanguage as the speakers rely very much upon the extralinguistic factors context,etc. This manifests itself in "incompleteness" of manyutterances as the context makes it clear what was meant by the speaker, thusmaking redundant its vocal expression:Jane:Well...
maybe, but... take responsibility; the ... the ... you don't needas great a sense ofresponsibility for you ... your kind ofwork as youdo in teaching - all those children, all those parents...Brenda: No, but you do have your. .. your. .. your colleagues at work youhave a certain amount ofresponsibility to them.Sometimes the speakers even abrupt the speech suddenly andsilence but the listeners understand them, catch the meaning, because the participants have a common personal background and the explicitness is toleratedor even taken for granted and is diagnostic of conversation.
Occasionally, thelisteners request recapitulation by all sorts of repeated and echoing questions:5.3. Stylistic Use ofIntonationRichard: Well, I'm going tonight in fact.Jane:Tonight?Oh, are you ?Richard: Yes, most nights really.151152Chapter V. Phonostylisticsconduct of conversation. Some of these tactics are verbal, others non-verbal, most are culturally determined, some make individual use of culturalhabits and expectations. Together with the "silent language" (posture, gesfacial expression and manners) the space between the speakers alsoplays an important part in communication.
It is a measure of how intimateor otherwise the speakers feel, how formal or informal their relationship is.A "nose-to-nose" distance of Imetres is considered to be mostcomfortable for talks and anything nearer than this may be unwelcome iftheother is not regarded as an intimate. Of course the "silent language" hassignificance at deeper levels and in more complex ways than that exhibitedin gesture or postural language. There are more message systems but theyare not fully investigated yet.On the grammatical level informal conversation provides delimitationof utterances and sentences. The length ofutterances is much more variablehere than in any other variety ofEnglish.
There is also a problem ofdelimiting sentences from each other as our conversations are characterized by alarge number ofloosely coordinated clauses and it is very difficult to decidewhether to take these as sequences or as compound sentences:Jane: Well, ... maybe, but...
take responsibility for your kind ofwork as youdo in teaching - all those children, all those parents...Minor sentences are extremely frequent in responses, many of them areincomplete. There are aother points to be noted on the grammaticallevel:1. High proportion of parenthetic compound types of sentence introduced by you see, you know, I mean, I say and others.2. Frequent use of interrogative sentence types and very few imperatives.3. Common use of vocatives, especially in initial position.4. Rare use ofnominal groups as subjects; the personal pronouns are more inevidence, the informal you is quite common in its impersonal function.5.
A great number of question tags.6. The use of all sorts of repetitions and repetition structures. Even adverbial intensifiers such as very may be repeated several times.7. The occurrence of contrasted verbal forms (he's, I'll, I've).8. The frequency ofcolloquial ellipses.All these features and many others, not mentioned here, would be condemned by many teachers of grammar and it would be only just for anyother speech style, but for this type of speech it is a standard and indeed avaluable part ofinformal conversation. Formal written and informal spoken5.3. Stylistic Use of Intonation153are totally different varieties of the language and the criteria ofacceptable usage must not be confused.The most noticeable aspect of everyday conversations is their vocabulary.It is characterized by colloquial idioms, the use ofwords simple in structure,the avoidance of phraseology; also the informality of the text is achieved bythe use ofwords and phrases specific for such conversations, e.
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