Теоретическая фонетика английского языка (803492), страница 36
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g. Yeah. Right.OK. I see. Oh, yes. Yes, yes. Oh, lovely. Oh dear. Alright. Sure. Good heavens!Thanks! Jolly good! Really? Come offit! Oh, no! Hey! and others.L.H6U.:>HOn the prosodic level the field researchers provide us with data thatus to do some generalizations:1. Conversations fall into coordinated blocks, consisting of suprasegmental and supraphrasal units tied up by variations within the length ofpauses, speed, rhythm, pitch ranges, pitch levels and loudness.2. Since there are no restrictions on the range and depth of emotionswhich might be displayed in conversational speech situations they will allowentire range of prosodic effects.3.
In the description ofprosodic characteristics ofthis phonetic style we willbegin by saying that intonation groups are rather short, their potentially lengthytone units tend to be broken. These short interpausal units are characterized bydecentralized stress and sudden jumps down on communicative centres:Jane: -"That's ,going... I to -"make you very un'fit, you know.4. The heads are usually level, or rarely, falling.
Falling heads occur onlyin groups consisting ofseveral stressed syllables.5. As for the nuclei, simple falling and rising tones are common. Emphatic tones occur in highly emotional contexts. High pre-nuclear syllablesare very frequent, e. g.«-Do you think it ,matters?""- I'd -"rather be °thin than Jat."6. The tempo of colloquial speech is very varied.
The natural speedmight be very fast but the impression of "slowness" may arise because of agreat number ofhesitation pauses both filled and non-filled (hesitant drawls)within the block. However, the speakers may have no pauses betweenparts, very often they speak simultaneously, interrupt each other.Also a familiar point about informal conversation is the frequency ofsilence for purposes of contrastive pause as opposed to its being requiredsimply for breathtaking.154Chapter V. PhonostylisticsPauses may occur randomly, not just at places ofgrammatical junctions,e.
g.Richard: ,Oh,it.youseem to I "'realize >that...III that I .likeSo, tempo is very flexible in this style. It is uneven with and between utterances.7. Interpausal stretches have a marked tendency towards subjectiverhythmic isochrony.Now to conclude the description of prosodic characteristics we wouldlike to point out that the impression that the intonation is rather "chaotic"in conversations is completely wrong. Suprasegmental features form a basicset of recurrent patterns which is occasionally disturbed by theof specific prosodic and paralinguistic effects which depend upon the moan individual isNow we shall examine another, very specific register of conversationalstyle - telephone conversations. This sphere of communication is limitedin certain important respects by the special situation, which imposes a number of restrictions.The conversationalists who can see each other are able to place a greatamount of reliance on the facilities otTered by such things as gesture and thepresence ofa common extralinguistic context.Telephone conversations lack these facilities to a large extent and sohave a tendency to become more explicit than ordinary conversationsa different use of "indicator" words such as pronouns which may be vaguein their reference ifit cannot be seen who or what is referred to.The telephone situation is quite unique being the only frequently occurring case of a conversation in which the participants are not visible toeach other, so there is some uncertainty in keeping up the give-and-takebetween the participants.A different range of situational pressures is exerted upon the participants, and consequently a range of linguistic contrasts which they are permitted to choose differs somewhat.The participants avoid long utterances without introducing pauses.Pauses cannot be long, because anything approaching a silence may be interpreted by the listener either as a breakdown of communication or as anfor interruption which may not have been desired.
\biced hesithe gap (drawls, random vocalizations, repetitions5.3. Stylistic Use ofIntonation155ofwords) is more frequent here than elsewhere. In view of the purpose of acall questions (also repeated and echoed), responses and imperatives are very common.Vocabulary is characterized by the use ofcolloquialisms, idioms and vocalization. The opening and closing ofa telephone conversation are markedby the use of the same formulas, the linguistic devices carrying out theseoperations are not numerous and always predicted.It is obvious that telephone conversations differ from others mainly indegree offormality and can most realistically be seen as a subprovincemore general notion.We shall conclude this chapter by examining one more area ofconversations, namely, when partners' stretches of speech are not equal: one isan active speaker, the other is an active listener.
It happens when peoplestories ofanecdotal character or in the form oflong narratives. It maybe the story of a film or a book or just a story of events that have happenedto us. In this case the speech of the narrator reminds us very much of theinformational monologue, only differs in the degree offormality.Correspondingly, there is a greater variety in using hesitation phenomena (filled or non-filled), vocalizations, repetitions and so on.The speed of utterances and pausal contrasts vary in accordancethe semantic value of the narration.The listener responds either non-verbally by using vocalizations, gesturesand facial expressions or by prompting the talk with aU sorts ofphrases showing personal concerned interest, like: What then? So what? And? Well? and soon.Now by way ofconclusion we would like to say that it is not without significance that education is now increasingly interested in communicativestudies.
Teachers have to find new ways of coming to terms with those theyhope to teach and the study ofinteraction is one way oftrying to enable sufficient "conversation" to take place to facilitate teaching and learning.In a study of interaction there is a real hope for improving teacher's effectiveness. Hut any such study has to be highly complex, and in view of thedifficulty and complexity the question ofwhether such studies can be ofpractical value was raised and some useful advice for such attempts was given."Language" and "People" are both familiar terms and represent familiar things.
Hut the "and" between them represents an enormously complexrelationship. This relationship involves cultures and civilizations, individualhuman beings, their interaction and their forms of organization, it involvesvalues.156Chapter V. PhonostylisticsOur book cannot pretend to explore in any depth or with any adequacysuch vast areas, but it seems worth making attempts to trail some of themore significant strands in the relationships and that's what we tried to dohere.SummaryWhen used in speech phonetic units undergo various changes under theinfluence of extralinguistic factors. The bundle of these factors forms theextralinguistic situation. The extralinguistic situation determines the choiceoflanguage means, phonetic means in particular.Phonostylistics is a branch ofphonetics which studies the way phoneticunits (both segmental and suprasegmental) are used in particular extralinguistic situations.The extralinguistic situation can be described in terms of three components, i.
e. purpose, participants and setting. These components distinguishsituations as the context in which speech interaction takes place.Purpose is the most important factor that guides the communication. Itis the task that is achieved in the course of communication. Participants arepeople involved in communication. Speech is a marker of various characteristics of people, both individual and social: age, gender, family background, occupation, social roles. The scene (setting) includes the physicalorientation of participants, which is connected with the type of speech activity they are engaged in.
Scenes can also be described in the followingtenus: public - non-public (private), formal informal, monologuingdialoguing - poliloguing. The channel ofcommunication is also to be takeninto consideration: face-to-face interaction telephone communication,mass media communication.The extralinguistic factors, that determine the choice ofphonetic meansand result in phonostylistic variation are:the purpose, or aim ofcommunication;the degree of formality ofthe situation;the degree of spontaneity;speaker's attitude.The purpose, or aim ofcommunication may be called a style forming factor, while all the others cause modifications within a particular style, whichaccount for the existence of different kinds and genres of texts within eachphonetic style.
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