Файл отчета Антиплагиат (1234036), страница 8
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Insurers, reacting to the actual and potential losses, put them ininsurance tariffs. It is most inefficient for society in a situation of obligatory insurance as "ingenuous" clients have to pay benefits of "cunning"insurers with the increased payments.3 Classification of types of insuranceThe specification of objects in a certain insurance cover at the corresponding tariff rates is called as a type of insurance (for example, the mixedlife insurance or insurance of a civil liability of owners of motor transport).Depending on distinctions in objects of protection insurance shares on four primary branches:1) personal insurance – life, health and working ability of the person act as object of insurance;2) property insurance – objectof insurance acts property in its different types);3) insurance of responsibility – object of protection addresses responsibility the third parties to whom the damage (harm) owing to any action orinaction of the insurer can be caused;4) insurance of economic risks – insurance upon possible losses where as object of insurance protection the result of business activity – profit orthe income acts.Each branch shares in turn on subsectors and types of insurance.Personal insurance is subdivided into life insurance and insurance upon accidents.Property insurance shares on some subsectors depending on forms of ownership and categories of insurers: insurance of the state, private,rented property and property of certain citizens as personal property.In insurance of responsibility allocate two subsectors – insurance of a civil liability and insurance of professional responsibility.In insurance of enterprise risks also two subsectors – insurance of risk of a real loss and insurance of risk of indirect losses.Depending on on what initiative insurance is carried out, allocate obligatory and voluntary forms of insurance.At obligatory insurance itisn't required consent of the insurer and the insurer.
Types, conditions and an order of obligatory insurance aredefined by the relevant laws. Obligatory insurance provides stability of insurance fund at the insignificant sizes of insurance tariffs andguarantees compensation of damage. At the same time it has compulsory, tax character and doesn't consider financial opportunities of theinsurer.
In the countries obligatory insurance always reckoned with market economy as the factor constraining the competition. Therefore itsapplication is limited to protection only of socially important interests.4 Legal regulation of insuranceInsurance is one of types of economic activity in which legal regulation plays a noticeable role. It is connected with need of the state guaranteesin the conditions of asymmetry of information, and also the high importance of insurance for economic and social life of any country.All set of the regulations governing the insurance relations in modern Russia can be divided into three levels.The first level is a Civil code of the Russian Federation.
Its main role – in ensuring equality of subjects of business in all spheres of marketeconomy.The second level – the special (industry) legislation which governs the legal and economic relations directly in the sphere of insurance. First of allthe 48th chapter of the Civil code and the Federal law "About the organization of insurance matter in the Russian Federation" belong here. Theyare base for development of other normative documents of the second and third level, and also documents of insurance companies.The third level is regulations of the President, the Government, ministries and departments.
Treat them, for example, the Act of the Russianhttp://dvgups.antiplagiat.ru/ReportPage.aspx?docId=427.12736327&repNumb=115/1919.05.2015АнтиплагиатFederation of 28.06.91. About medical insurance of citizens to the Russian Federation, the Federal Law of 28.03.98. About obligatory state lifeinsurance and health of the military personnel, the citizens called on military collecting, faces of the private and the commanding structure oflaw-enforcement bodies of the Russian Federation, the Federal law of 03.04.02. About obligatory insurance of a civil liability, the Decree of thePresident On obligatory personal insurance of passengers, Conditions of licensing of insurance activity in the territory of the Russian Federation,etc.
Documents of thislevel provide legal regulation of the certain directions of insurance activity.Taking into account requirements of the legislation each insurance company develops a necessary set of internal documents: general conditionsof insurance, rule of insurance, form of insurance applications, contracts of insurance, insurance policies. On the basis of these documents directregulation of insurance transactions is carried out.The main document governing the relations of the insurer and insurer is the contract of insurance.The necessary prerequisite for the conclusion of the contract of insurance is existence of insurance interest at the insurer who evolves frompossession, use or the order of object of insurance.Insurance interest in property insurance is always limited by the property cost therefore property insurance is based on the principle ofcompensation of damage in the proved size within the insured sum.
The same principle works and in insurance of a civil liability. In life insuranceinsurance interest is unlimited therefore the person can insure the life for any sum which will wish and is able to afford.At the conclusion of the contract of insurance the insurancecompany is obliged to acquaint the insurer with insurance conditions.5 Joint insurance and reinsuranceInsurance business is created for reduction of risks of economic activity, but he on himself is very risky type of business.
Therefore there is aneed to insure itself the insurer. For this purpose the system of primary insurance is supplemented with systems of joint insurance andreinsurance.Primary insurance is a providing insurance protection to clients from other branches (natural and legal entities). The majority of insurancecompanies is engaged in primary insurance.In case the insured risk is very great for separate insurance company, it can attract other companies as co-insurers and carry out "jointinsurance" or joint insurance (Fig. 1).Joint insurance is a division of risk between different firms of the sphere of insurance.
Each participant of such contract bears responsibility onlyfor the part of the insured risk before the insurer. Thus for the insurer of a condition and tariffs are established uniform in all companies insurers.When obligations for the risks accepted on insurance surpass financial resources of one insurancecompany, besides joint insurancereinsurance (Fig.
2) can be used.Reinsurance is a secondary placement of risk, transfer of risk from primary insurer of other insurance company. Reinsurance can be carried outas the reinsurance companies, and the ordinary insurers having the corresponding license which are specially created for this purpose. Anywaythe sense of reinsurance consists in ensuring solvency of insurers – insurance of those who carries out primary insurance.The homeland of reinsurance is Germany. The first reinsurance society was formed in Cologne in 1846. In Russia such society for the first timearose in 1895 – "The Russian society of reinsurance of fire risks".Reinsurance of risk can be repeated. However responsibility before the insurer fully is born by primary insurer.As reinsurance grew from insurance, the principles inherent in insurance in general are the cornerstone of it:– the principle of the highest respectability (integrity) owing to which the parties can't distort a real situation and have to inform each other onall circumstances of the conclusion and performance of the contract;– the principle of compensationwhich is realized in a duty of a tsessioner to pay the part of risk to the assignor but only after that in full makesinsurance payment to the insurer.Reinsurance is a necessary element of insurance activity that is shown in its functions:– reinsurance allows insurance companies to accept large risks to protection;– reinsurance increases the capacity of the national insurance market, redistributing risk cost worldwide;– reinsurance raises guarantees of solvency of the insurer.6 Essence of actuarial calculations in insurance and their classification.Tariff policy.Actuarial calculations - process during which the expenses necessary for insurance are defined.
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