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Having entered into the international market on the general beginnings, the Russian tourist organizations have joined in a so-called inter-regional competition, т. е. A competition to others it is hospitable host countries and cities, resorts.
1.2 Factors influencing progress of the international tourism
Studying of the tendencies which have developed in the international tourism, allows to allocate some factors which render essential influence on progress of the international tourism:
- the nature-geographical;
- Cultural-historical;
- Social and economic;
- Demographic;
- Material;
- Political.
Besides factors arbitrarily subdivide all on two greater groups:
1 Static, that is such which value does not change eventually. For example, the nature-geographical and cultural-historical the factors together defining a recreational resource of the country;
2 Dynamical to which the factors tending variability concern. For example, material, political, social and economic and demographic factors.
Geographical factors of progress of tourism find reflection in a geographical position, a lay of land, a climate, vegetative and fauna, the beautiful, rich nature. Geographical conditions are tourists of this or that area defining in a choice for visiting. The abundance of natural resources, a possibility and convenience of their use render huge influence on scales of progress of tourism. Influence of the geographical environment for a life and progress of a society can be named the geographical factor, and it is fully justified, as this influence does not happen identical in any significant territory, and even water areas. It extremely strongly differs in space. The factor of a geographical position also is meaningful, it acts in all basic versions: geographical, geographical, -geographical, geopolitic and a geographical position. Key role the geographical position of area or the country, i.e. proximity to the sea, to picturesque mountain and wood areas, character of a coastal line, position of the country in relation to the basic suppliers of tourists plays, a finding of region on the important transit ways, removal or proximity to « hot points of a planet », position in relation to competing on reception of foreigners to areas, etc. For example, « the summer the year round » annually involves a plenty of tourists to Egypt, mountain skiers prefer such countries as Austria and Norway (mountain fantastic northern country which mounting skiing resorts deservedly are considered as the best in Scandinavia and involve set of tourists).
The general tendency and at the same time serious problem in the international tourism is seasonal prevalence which is characterized by sharp increases of tourist streams in summer and recessions in winter and especially in осенне-spring months.
Climatic factors are caused by that in the majority of areas of globe the weather conditions favorable for rest and tourism, on months неодинаковы, therefore people aspire to receive vacations in the most comfortable on weather a season. In spite of the fact that in a southern hemisphere seasons are opposite to those in northern hemisphere, the factor of seasonal prevalence in the international tourism practically does not lose the urgency.
Let's result some of the countries most popular in tourists for prospective years visiting:
- "Bright" Turkey;
- « Strict and tempting » Iceland;
- « Silent and at the same time with set of entertainments » Sweden;
- « Passionately keen by varied displays of a life » Spain.
For this or that tourist area it is considered to be "season" the period of year when the monthly quantity of arriving tourists exceeds their monthly average number for a year. In case of existence of two seasons (more often years and winter) between them « the interseasonal periods » proceed. At the highest in a year arrival use the term « a hot season » (red, high); the period almost a total absence of tourists can be named « a dead season » (dark blue, low).
The precise phenomena of seasonal prevalence of tourism now are revealed practically in all European countries. As a whole in the Europe over 50 % of all visitings tourists it is necessary for years months.
The level of seasonal prevalence not worldwide is identical. Usually, in the countries where annual fluctuations of temperatures and other elements of a climate small, seasonal prevalence of tourism is shown less. For example, Egypt, Tunis, Morocco, the United Arab Emirates, Israel, etc. the Difference of arrivals on months in these countries have an all-the-year-round tourist season is insignificant, but the summer is the basic season that it is possible to explain predominance of summer holidays over visitors from the Europe.
In picture 1.3 the chart of variation of demand from a season of year in some countries is presented.
Picture 1.3 the Chart of variation of demand from a season of year
Seasonal prevalence generates serious problems in service of tourists. During « a hot season » there can be difficulties with transport, accommodation, catering services, excursions for numerous tourists. It is possible to carry to negative consequences of seasonal prevalence and that fact, that during a greater part of year the great bulk of seats in hotels practically remains not demanded. For attraction of tourists outside of a season or for progress of one more season – winter, firms are compelled to carry out a flexible price policy or to master new. Expansion of a tourist season is assisted also with the activization of business tourism expressed in carrying out of symposiums, the international exhibitions, conferences, meetings, etc. As a rule, all these actions are spent in winter, in the spring or in the fall [18].
Among cultural-historical factors of tourists can interest monuments of architecture and history advanced spiritual and material culture, cultural communications and a variety of nationalities and faiths inside of the population. The given factor Italy, Greece possesses, etc.
Socio-economic factors render the most significant influence, the general level of development of the country, structure of its facilities, quality of a life, a social composition-professional of the population, its educational level, a degree carry to them and mobility of the population, political stability, etc.
Value of socio-economic factors constantly increases in progress of the international tourism. The increasing value is played with activization of economic relations between the states on the basis of the international division of labour. Expansion of international trade and perfection of vehicles were the important material precondition of progress of tourism.
In modern conditions at high paces of work and a life expenses on rest pass in the category important and necessary.
Positive influence on progress of the international tourism renders expansion of a social composition of tourists that became possible owing to improvement of conditions of a payment, an increase of duration of paid vacation, granting by worker and employee of various social guarantees and benefits due to the enterprises and trade unions [35].
Further we shall stop on demographic factors which too render dramatic effect on progress of the international tourism. As a result of growth of the population of the Earth the tourist potential of the world increases, in tourist activity a new manpower are involved.
The greatest туристско-recreational mobility people in the age of from 30 till 50 years differ. Not less than 1/5 all tourists young men make. Nevertheless, the fraction of travelling persons of advanced age (in the age of older 55 years) grows. Middle age of tourists of the different countries is presented in table 1.3.
Table 1.3 Middle age of tourists of the different countries
| THE COUNTRY | Middle age of tourists, years |
| China | 50 |
| THE USA | 41 |
| Germany | 44 |
| Russia | 38 |
Dramatic effect on growth of tourism and expansion of its social base render material factors. The cores from them are connected with progress of automobiles, accommodations, communications, public catering establishments, retail commerce, service. Last decades as a result of scientific and technical progress transport became faster, safe, comfortable.
The basic fraction in the general structure of transport services belongs to air transport. The basic relative density of air transport in total amount makes in среднем19 %. The greatest quantity of the tourists especially travelling on a long distance, use aircraft. The Motor transport can be named rightfully transport of general application as it is used everywhere: from transfers and excursions, transportations by buses before rent of midget cars by tourists for a private use on rest. Bus cognitive rounds with visiting several cities and noteworthy seats use special popularity.
The competitor of motor transport in group transportations a railway transportation. Advantage of rail transportation are also lower tariffs and (in foreign countries) flexible system of discounts, tickets and т. The item, allowing to travel under significantly lower prices.
The sailing charter in itself already causes an image tourist service and is used in tourism actively enough. Water travel have a number as advantages, and lacks in comparison with other types of transport. The most meaningful advantages are the high level of comfort, great volume of lumpsum loading, a possibility of realization of various types and objectives of tourism (cognitive, business-tourism, educational, a shop-tourism, etc.), the adequate rest, a full complex of life-support.
The basic lacks can be named low speed of movement of vehicles, high tariffs, restriction of mobility, and frequently and susceptibility of a part of people of "seasickness" on marine cruises.
The special original seat in tourist activity is borrowed with the industry on accommodations and a feed. The level of hotel and restaurant service plays an important role in service of foreign tourists. But the industry of tourism, and in particular the industry of accommodation and a feed, is subject to fluctuations of demand for tourist services throughout a year, that, undoubtedly leads to increase of charges of the enterprises to rise in price of their services [35].
If to consider political group of factors which actively assist expansion of the international tourist communications here it has to be noted the factor of internal political stability of the country receiving foreign visitors. The important political factor is availability of interstate and intergovernmental agreements on cooperation in area of economy, commerce, scientific and technical and cultural interrelations, tourism and exchanges.
Among the negative reasons for political character influencing progress of the international tourism, it is possible to note:
- Internal political instability in the country or region;
- Absence between the states of a good-neighbourhood;
- Military conflicts;
- Cyclic and structural crises;
- Foreign policy isolation of the state, etc.
Also it is necessary to consider, that there are factors negative and positive.
To positive factors concern:
-growth of the actual income
Uniform distribution of the income
-stable position of currency
-favourable tactical situation
To negative factors concern:
The-economic and crisis phenomena
-recession of the industry
-astable situation of currency
The specified factors of influence on progress of tourism should define objectives of state regulation and priority directions of progress of tourist business.
The majority of civilized countries on all continents develops tourism. Because tourism became the mass phenomenon owing to evolution of public attitudes and public consciousness. Leaders in the international tourism are such countries, as China, Germany, the USA, the Great Britain, Russia, France, Canada, Japan, Australia, Italy, Singapore, Brazil, Belgium, Hong Kong, the Netherlands.
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