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Today tourist activity different definitions are given. So, the concept "tourism" can designate temporary moving of people from seat of the constant residing at other country or the district which is being within the limits of the country, at leisure with objective of reception of pleasure and rest, as well as in improving, guest, cognitive or professional objectives, but without employment by paid work on visited seat.
At the same time tourism consider and as the major means of satisfaction of human demand for a variety [17]. The federal law of the Russian Federation from November, 24th, 2013 N 132-ФЗ following basic concepts are used:
Tourism - temporary departures of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens from a constant residence in medical-improving, recreational, cognitive, физкультурно-sports, is professional-business, religious and other objectives without employment by the activity connected with reception of the income of sources in the country (seat) of temporal stay.
Tourism develops an infrastructure, creates new workplaces, initiates inflow of currency to the country, provides deliveries in the budget, renders stimulating influence on serving branches – transport, communication, commerce, public catering, etc.
Tourism is subdivided on internal and international (entrance and exit).
Internal tourism - temporary departure of citizens of the specific country a constant residence within the limits of national borders of the same country for rest, satisfaction of cognitive interests, playing sports and in other tourist objectives.
Internal tourism does not represent, separate area, and is connected with all other sectors of a national life [17].
The international tourism - the systematized and purposeful activity of the enterprises of area of the tourism, connected with granting tourist services and a tourist product to foreign tourists in territory of the Russian Federation and granting of tourist services and a tourist product abroad.
The international tourism is considered by the countries as one of means of progress of economy. Providing to tourists the goods and services, the country participates in system of the international division of labour, rationally using the natural resources more widely. The international tourism - an effective source of currency deliveries, including due to « internal export », i.e. sale to tourists of the local goods. Deliveries from the international tourism are understood as a payment for the goods and the services, made by foreign tourists during their stay in the country, except for profit on additional employment and payment of the international transport [28].
Entrance tourism are travel within the limits of the country of the persons who are not living in the country it is constant. Usually the countries are interested in progress of entrance tourism as it involves currency resources in the country, stimulates economic activity. Firms which are engaged in progress of entrance tourism, have received the name рецептивных (accepting) firms. Entrance tourism is connected not only with incomes of visitors, but also with the significant expenses connected with the organization of the tourist industry; and for the country important so to organize the activity in the market of tourism that the balance of payments remained positive. Principal causes of impossibility of automatic improvement of the balance of payments of the country due to arrival of foreign tourists are those.
In area of entrance tourism interests of culture and transport, a security and international relations, ecologies and employment of the population, hotel business and a sanatorium complex [17].
Exit tourism are travel of the persons constantly living in the country, but going with any objectives in other country.
Owing to globalization and simplification by many states of a visa mode, the international trips have got recently improbable popularity. Today exit tourism it not only a type of rest, but also one of forms of economic, political, social and cultural communications between the states. Exit tourism as the separate category of trips extremely dynamically develops [46].
Exit tourism is most developed in the West-European countries where besides numerous historical and cultural objects and recreational resources there is an excellent infrastructure of rest.. The most popular directions of tourism are Chyprus, Portugal, Greece, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Turkey, Egypt and Mexico [46].
There are two basic models of exit tourism: ideal and egoistical.
The ideal model of progress of exit tourism inherently is modern expression of classical theories of world trade in which as one of the goods of an interstate exchange the tourist product acts.
It is necessary to note, that occurrence of ideal model of exit tourism probably only in cases, when:
- The country - the donor and the country-recipient - the old trading partners having experience of the organization of export-import transactions;
- The country-donor possesses advantages in manufacture of the certain goods or service which the country-recipient requires, and occurrence of the competing manufacturer or the goods (service) of a-substitute in the world market is improbable;
- The country-donor and the country-recipient - are geographically close to each other (even better if they have the general borders), that defines a low level of transport costs in their external economic interrelations [41].
Thus it is necessary to note, that than above competitive advantages of the country-donor in manufacture of this or that goods or service, greater distances between it and the country-consumer are especially admissible. The country-donor is interested in expansion of the export and confirms this interest with simplification of customs and other foreign trade formalities.
Example of construction of the above described ideal model of exit tourism experience industrially industrialized countries which population more all is inclined to fulfilment of foreign travel can serve. For example, the government of Japan during more than 15 years spends sale exit турпотоков in a direction of the countries representing heightened interest for the Japanese import (China, the countries of Southeast Asia, the Far East Russia).
The sense of egoistical model of exit tourism reduces to growth of participation of the country-donor in functioning the foreign tourist industry by means of realization of capital investments in it. In modern conditions of the investment into the foreign industry or area of services are not something запредельно complex, having turned in enough simple technically and the widespread type of commercial activity. Investors from the country-donor, having estimated perspectivity of the foreign tourist center (frequently through its growing popularity among the fellow citizens), can easily increase a degree of the participation in activity and management of its tourist industry, increasing volumes and диверсифицируя (for example, all over again getting hotel, and then and restaurant, transport, excursion business abroad) the capital investments [41].
Both resulted models prove that fact, that exit tourism can become very profitable and stimulating progress of the local industry and area of services activity only under condition of the competent and systematic policy of authority of the sending region which has been directed:
- First, on updating of exit tourist streams in a direction of the countries - the most active trading partners;
- Secondly, on progress of investments into the tourist industry the countries and regions;
- Thirdly, on prevention of penetration of representatives of tourist business regions in the national tourist industry [41].
Prospects of progress of tourism in many respects depend on strengthening state regulation of tourist area.
State regulation of progress of tourism is an influence of the state on activity of managing subjects and market conditions for maintenance of normal conditions of functioning of a market mechanism, realization of the state social and economic priorities and developments of the uniform concept of progress of tourist area. It is the-complicated process including procedure of development of a state policy of regulation of progress of tourism, a background of its objective, problems, the basic directions, a choice of tools and methods of its carrying out.
In the international practice there were three approaches to state regulation of entrance tourism.
The first approach assumes the decision of questions of progress of tourism on seats (independently subjects of managing) on the basis of principles of market economy.
The given approach is effective in industrialized countries where the private companies of different size and an area of expertise prevail. The basic condition for such approach: the country should be attractive to foreign tourists in every respect and not require special advertising its tourist product in the world market. In this case it is possible to do without special bodies of state regulation of tourism.
The second approach assumes creation of the special state body allocated by significant powers and financial resources. The given approach is effective in case of when interests of entrance tourism require significant means for creation and maintenance at a high level of a national tourist product and a tourist infrastructure, Attraction of direct foreign investments, supports of fine and average business, a safety of foreign tourists [32].
There is a third approach when functions of state regulation of tourism are assigned to the multipurpose ministry. In the ministry the special-purpose division which is engaged in development and perfection of normative-legal base is created, carries out coordination of the ministries, departments and regional authorities concerning progress of the international tourism; adjusts communications with other countries and the international organizations concerning progress of tourism, is engaged in promotion of a national tourist product abroad; carries out information service of tourist business.
State regulation in the global order supposed necessary carry out on two basic generalized directions.
The first direction is connected with updating market self-regulation by preparation of plans (forecasts) and the state programs in view of a rather high degree of spontaneity of parities carried out now in systems « demand – the offer » on many important types of let out production and rendered services.
The second direction provides realization of social programs and social orientation of market economy. Market self-regulation without due state intervention results: to growth of monopolization, acceleration of stratification of the population of the country on rich and poor, to reduction of those branches, which are not sources of reception of instant profit (a science, culture, art, healthcare, education, etc.) [32].
Thus, state regulation in area of tourism can be carried out by influence on expansion of the tourist market and realization of appropriating social policy.
Experience of the various countries shows, that the success of progress of tourism directly depends on how at the state level this branch is perceived, how much it enjoys the state support. Any civilized state of what to receive from incomes in the budget, should put means in research of the territories for an assessment of tourist potential, preparation of programs of progress of tourist industry, projects of a necessary infrastructure of resort regions and the tourist centers, both in a supply with information, and in advertising.
Now in the tourist market two types of the tourist companies operate: tour operators and travel agents.
The tour operator (the tourist operator) is the tourist firm (organization), engaged a complete set of rounds under contracts with service providers and according to demands of tourists. Tour operators carry out the leading part in the international tourism as they shape a tourist product - reserve and pay hotel, order a flight, provide services on granting transport, excursion services, etc., namely that usually enters into round. The tour operator can realize rounds through travel agents. Thus the tour operator bears the responsibility before the tourist for quality of the tourist services rendered on its rounds and for reliability of the provided information. Besides the tour operator can realize all complex of the services entering in , and its part, that is specific service (for example, accommodation in hotel).
Ways of formation of round are varied. There are tour operators which send tourists abroad under the arrangement with accepting operators - foreign tour agencies or with service providers - hotels. Such tour operator shapes complex routing rounds, completing them from services of local tour operators in different seats of visiting, provides travel and organizes granting intrarouting transport. Other tour operators work on reception, that is shape rounds and the program of service in seat of reception of tourists. Thus direct contracts with service providers (hotels, entertaining institutions, etc.) are used.
Travel agent the-intermediary who is engaged in sale of the rounds generated by tour operator. On quality of work of a travel agent in many respects depends, which round, what operator will be chosen by the buyer. Mistakes of a travel agent in an instant of sale of round, for example the unreliable information, wrong official registration of papers, a delay of payment, etc., can spoil completely To the tourist rest, therefore work of a travel agent is responsible and essential in the market. The travel agent gets rounds at tour operator and realizes a tourist product to the buyer, or mediates between the tourist and tour operator for.
The commission provided by tour operator. The largest travel agents are incorporated in international association IATAN.
Last decade the international communications of the tourist organizations of Russia [11] significantly became more active.
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