Computer Science. The English Language Perspective - Беликова (1176925), страница 23
Текст из файла (страница 23)
Andreessen left NCSA in 1994to found Netscape Corporation. The Netscape Navigatorbrowser improved Mosaic in several ways, making the graphicsfaster and more attractive. Netscape included a facility calledSecure Sockets Layer (SSL) for carrying out encryptedcommercial transactions on-line. Microsoft, which had been alatecomer to the Internet boom, entered the fray with itsMicrosoft Internet Explorer. At first the program was inferior toNetscape, but it was steadily improved. Aided by Microsoft’scontroversial tactic of bundling the free browser starting withWindows 95, Internet Explorer has taken over the leadingbrowser position.135A Web browser such as Microsoft Internet Explorer or Firefoxmakes it easy to find and move between linked Web pages.Browser users can record or “bookmark” favorite pages.Browser plug-ins provide support for services such asstreaming video and audio.Web browsers communicate with web servers primarily usingHTTP (Hyper-text Transfer Protocol) to fetch web pages.
HTTPallows web browsers to submit information to web servers aswell as fetch web pages from them. As of writing, the mostcommonly used HTTP is HTTP/1.1, which is fully defined inRFC 2616. HTTP/1.1 has its own required standards whichInternet Explorer does not fully support, but most othercurrent-generation web browsers do.Pages are located by means of a URL (Uniform ResourceLocator), which is treated as an address, beginning with http:for HTTP access.
Many browsers also support a variety of otherURL types and their corresponding protocols, such as ftp: forFTP (file transfer protocol), gopher: for Gopher, and https: forHTTPS (an SSL encrypted version of HTTP).The file format for a web page is usually HTML (hyper-textmarkup language) and is identified in the HTTP protocol usinga MIME content type. Most browsers support a variety offormats in addition to HTML, such as the JPEG, PNG and GIFimage formats, and can be extended to support more throughthe use of plug-ins. The combination of HTTP content type andURL protocol specification allows web page designers to embedimages, animations, video, sound, and streaming media into aweb page, or to make them accessible through the web page.Early web browsers supported only a very simple version ofHTML.
The rapid development of proprietary web browsersled to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML,leading to problems with Web interoperability. Modern webbrowsers (Mozilla, Opera, and Safari) support standards-basedHTML and XHTML (starting with HTML 4.01), which shoulddisplay in the same way across all browsers. Internet Explorerdoes not fully support XHTML 1.0 or 1.1 yet. Currently many136sites are designed using WYSIWYG HTML generationprograms such as Macromedia Dreamweaver or MicrosoftFrontpage. These often generate non-standard HTML bydefault, hindering the work of the W3C in developingstandards, specifically with XHTML and CSS (cascading stylesheets, used for page layout).Some of the more popular browsers include additionalcomponents to support Usenet news, IRC (Internet relay chat),and e-mail. Protocols supported may include NNTP (networknews transfer protocol), SmTP (Simple mail Transfer Protocol),IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), and POP (Post OfficeProtocol).Brief historyTim Berners-Lee, who pioneered the use of hypertext forsharing information, created the first web browser, named theWorldWideWeb, in 1990, and introduced it to colleagues atCERN in March 1991.
Since then the development of webbrowsers has been inseparably intertwined with thedevelopment of the web itself.The explosion in popularity of the web was triggered by NCSAMosaic which was a graphical browser running originally onUNIX but soon ported to the Apple Macintosh and MicrosoftWindows platforms. Version 1.0 was released in September1993. Marc Andreessen, who was the leader of the Mosaic teamat NCSA, quitted forming a company that would later becomeknown as Netscape Communications Corporation.Netscape released its flagship Navigator product in October1994, and it took off the next year.
Microsoft, which had so farmissed the Internet wave, now entered the fray with its InternetExplorer product, hastily purchased from Spyglass Inc. Thisbegan the browser wars, the fight for the web browser marketbetween the software giant Microsoft and the start-up companylargely responsible for popularizing the World Wide Web,Netscape.137The wars put the web in the hands of millions of ordinary PCusers, but showed how commercialization of the internet couldruin standards efforts. Both Microsoft and Netscape liberallyincorporated proprietary extensions to HTML in their products,and tried to gain an edge by product differentiation. The warsended in 1998 when it became clear that Netscape's decliningmarket share trend was irreversible. This was in part due toMicrosoft's integrating its browser with its operating systemand bundling deals with OEMs; the company faced antitrustlitigation on these charges.Netscape responded by open sourcing its product, creatingMozilla.
This did nothing to slow Netscape's declining marketshare. The company was purchased by America Online in late1998. Mozilla has since evolved into a stable and powerfulbrowser suite with a small but steady market share.Opera, a speedy browser popular in handheld devices and insome countries was released in 1996 and remains a niche playerin the PC web browser market.The Lynx browser remains popular in the Linux market andwith vision impaired users due to its entirely text-based nature.There are also several text-mode browsers with advancedfeatures, such as links and its forks.While the Macintosh scene too has traditionally beendominated by Internet Explorer and Netscape, the futureappears to belong to Apple's Safari which is based on theKHTML rendering engine of the open source conquerorbrowser.In 2003, Microsoft announced that Internet Explorer would nolonger be made available as a separate product but would bepart of the evolution of its Windows platform.Web and web browser featuresDifferent browsers can be distinguished from each other by thefeatures they support.
Modern browsers and web pages tend toutilize many features and techniques that did not exist in theearly days of the web. As noted earlier, with the browser wars138there was a rapid and chaotic expansion of browser and WorldWide Web feature sets.Notes:Hyper Text Transport Protocol (HTML) - «протоколпередачи гипертекста»Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) – криптографический протокол,обеспечивающий безопасность связи.Netscape – браузер, шестой в мире по популярности.Streaming media - потоковый метод для передачи данных.Web browser - программное обеспечение для извлечения ипрохождения информационных ресурсов в World WideWeb.Interoperability – интероперабельность, способность квзаимодействию.Front page - редактор, входящий в состав пакетаприложений Microsoft Office.Macromedia - редактор компании Adobe.Dreamweaver - один из крупнейших производителейпрограмм, связанных с WEB.CERN – Европейский центр ядерных исследованийMozilla - браузер нового поколенияLynx browser - один из первых текстовых браузеровOpen Source Browser - браузер, не посылающийидентифицирующей информации разработчикамAntitrustlitigationсудебныйпроцесспоантитрестовскому делуAssignments1.
Translate the sentences from the texts into Russian inwriting paying attention to the underlined words andphrases:1391. The World Wide Web consists of millions of sites thatprovide hyper-text documents that can include not onlytext but still images, video, and sound.2. However, sufficiently skilled snoopers can examine thecache to find details of a user’s recent Web surfing3. Caching is also used by Internet Service Providers sothey can provide frequently requested pages from theirown server rather than having to fetch them from thehosting sites.4. Netscape included a facility called Secure Sockets Layer(SSL) for carrying out encrypted commercialtransactions on-line.5. Modern web browsers (Mozilla, Opera, and Safari)support standards-based HTML and XHTML (startingwith HTML 4.01), which should display in the sameway across all browsers.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
