Computer Science. The English Language Perspective - Беликова (1176925), страница 21
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10 лет спустя IPстал расширяться при помощи набора коммуникационныхпротоколов, которые имели поддержку как локальных, таки глобальных сетей. Таким образом, появился на светTCP/IP. В скором времени после этих событий, NSF(National Science Foundation) открыла NSFnet, ее цельюявлялось связка пяти суперкомпьютерных центров. Cвнедрением протокола TCP/IP сеть NSFnet в скоромвремени смогла заменить ARPAnet в качестве «хребта»(backbone) сети Интернета4.
Give the summary of the text using the key terms.123E-MAILRead the following words and word combinations and usethem for understanding and translation of the text:ubiquitous - повсеместныйaccessible - доступныйroutinely - обычноenticing attachment -заманчивое приложениеmischief - вредrevenue - доходannoyance - раздражениеimpact – удар, толчок, импульс, воздействиеto eliminate – устранять, исключатьcompeting standard - конкурирующий стандартto establish – внедрять, устанавливатьsecurityvulnerabilities–уязвимыеточкидлябезопасности системыextension – расширение, распространениеconsumer-oriented – ориентированный на потребителяElectronic mail is perhaps the most ubiquitous computerapplication in use today.
E-mail can be defined as sending of amessage to one or more individuals via a computer connection.The simplest form of e-mail began in the 1960s as a way thatusers on a time-sharing computer system could post and readmessages. The messages consisted of a text in a file that wasaccessible to all users. A user could simply log into the e-mailsystem, open the file, and look for messages.
In 1971, however,the ARPANET (ancestor of the Internet) was used byresearchers at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) to sendmessages from a user at one computer to a user at another. Ase-mail use increased and new features were developed, thequestion of a standardized protocol for messages became moreimportant. By the mid-1980s, the world of e-mail was ratherfragmented, much like the situation in the early history of the124telephone, where users often had to choose between two ormore incompatible systems.
ARPANET (or Internet) users usedSmTP (Simple mail Transfer Protocol) while a competingstandard (OSI mHS, or message Handling System) also had itssupporters. Meanwhile, the development of consumer-orientedonline services such as CompuServe and America Onlinethreatened a further balkanization of e-mail access, thoughsystems called gateways were developed to transport messagesfrom one system to another. By the mid-1990s, however, thenearly universal adoption of the Internet and its TCP/IPprotocol had established SmTP and the ubiquitous Sendmailmail transport program as a uniform infrastructure for e-mail.The extension of the Internet protocol to the creation ofintranets has largely eliminated the use of proprietary corporatee-mail systems.Instead, companies such as Microsoft and Google compete tooffer full-featured e-mail programs that include group-orientedfeatures such as task lists and scheduling.The integration of e-mail with HTmL for Web-style formattingand mImE (for attaching graphics and multimedia files) hasgreatly increased the richness and utility of the e-mailexperience.
E-mail is now routinely used within organizationsto distribute documents and other resources.However, the addition of capabilities has also opened securityvulnerabilities. For example, Microsoft Windows and thepopular Microsoft Outlook e-mail client together provide theability to run programs (scripts) directly from attachments (filesassociated with e-mail messages). This means that it is easy tocreate a virus program that will run when an enticing-lookingattachment is opened. The virus can then find the user’smailbox and mail copies of itself to the people found there.
Email has thus replaced the floppy disk as the preferred mediumfor such mischief. Beyond security issues, e-mail is havingconsiderable social and economic impact. E-mail has largelyreplaced postal mail (and even long-distance phone calls) as away for friends and relatives to keep in touch. As more125companies begin to use e-mail for providing routine bills andstatements, government-run postal systems are seeing theirfirst-class mail revenue drop considerably. Despite the risk ofviruses or deception and the annoyance of electronic junk mail,e-mail has become as much a part of our way of life as theautomobile and the telephone.Notes:OSI – Open System Interconnection - базовая эталоннаямодельSmTP - Simple mail Transfer Protocol простой протоколпередачи почтыSendmail – один из старейших агентов передачиHTmL - HyperText Markup Language - стандартный языкразметки документов во всемирной паутинеmImE - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions - многоцелевыерасширения интернет-почтыbalkanization – разделение многонациональных государствна более мелкие субъектыVia - (лат.) черезTime-sharing –«разделение времени» - совместноеиспользование вычислительного ресурсаSpam – an electronic junk mailAssignments.1.
Translate the sentences from the texts into Russian inwriting paying attention to the underlined words andphrases:1. E-mail can be defined as the sending of a message to oneor more individuals via a computer connection.2. By the mid-1980s, the world of e-mail was ratherfragmented, much like the situation in the early history126of the telephone, where users often had to choosebetween two or more incompatible systems.3. ARPANET (or Internet) users used SmTP (Simple mailTransfer Protocol) while a competing standard (OSImHS, or message Handling System) also had itssupporters.4.
Meanwhile, the development of consumer-orientedonline services such as CompuServe and AmericaOnline.5. Despite the risk of viruses or deception and theannoyance of electronic junk mail, e-mail has become asmuch a part of our way of life as the automobile and thetelephone.2. Answer the following questions.1. What was the beginning of e-mail?2. Why did the need for standardized protocol formessages become vital?3. What happened to the extension of the Internetprotocol?4.
What are security vulnerabilities of e-mail use?5. How can you describe the social and economic impactof e-mail?3. Translate into English:В современном мире каждому человеку необходимознать, что такое e-mail и иметь свой собственный. Признакомстве с новыми людьми, на деловых переговорах илипросто, встретившись со старым приятелем, вас могутпопросить оставить свой e-mail. Кроме того, в самой сети намногих сайтах при регистрации требуют указывать e-mail.Итак, e-mail - это адрес электронной почты от английского"electronic mail". Если у человека в сети есть свой e-mailадрес (выглядит как набор символов, например,127ivanov@yandex.ru), он может давать его другим людямточно так же, как свой домашний адрес для обычныхписем.
Но для входа в свою электронную почту нуженуникальный пароль, которым будете обладать лишь вы,словно ключи от квартиры. Адрес знают знакомые идрузья, а ключи (пароль) есть только у вас. То есть вашупереписку с друзьями по интернету никто кроме вас видетьне сможет, если вы не дадите никому свой пароль. Поэлектронной почте можно передавать друг другу не толькотекстовые сообщения, но и картинки, фотографии, музыку,таблицы и другие файлы любого формата.4. Give the summary of the text using the key terms.WORLD WIDE WEBRead the following words and word combinations and usethem for understanding and translation of the text:to retrieve - восстанавливать, извлекатьto overshadow - затмеватьto dispense - распределять, раздаватьauction - аукционto emerge - появляться, проявлятьсяremote, distant - отдаленныйhighlighted links - выделенные ссылкиto handle with - обращаться с чем-то, трактоватьburgeon - росток, почкаentrepreneur - предпринимательestimate – оценкаto improve - улучшатьprofitability - прибыльность, доходностьcommunity - сообщество, объединениеresilient - эластичный, жизнерадостныйto constrain - вынуждать, сдерживать128adaptable - легко приспособляющийсяchallenge - задача, проблема, вызовto redefine - переопределитьBy the beginning of the 1990s, the Internet had become wellestablished as a means of communication between relativelyadvanced computer users, particularly scientists, engineers, andcomputer science students—primarily using UNIX-basedsystems.
A number of services used the Internet protocol tocarry messages or data. These included e-mail, file transferprotocol and newsgroups.A Wide Area Information Service (WAIS) even provided aprotocol for users to retrieve information from databases onremote hosts. Another interesting service, Gopher, wasdeveloped at the University of Minnesota in 1991. It used asystem of nested menus to organize documents at host sites sothey could be browsed and retrieved by remote users. Gopherwas quite popular for a few years, but it was soonovershadowed by a rather different kind of networkedinformation service.A physicist/programmer working at CERN, the Europeanparticle physics laboratory in Switzerland, devised in 1989 asystem that he eventually called the World Wide Web(sometimes called WWW or W3).
By 1990, he was running aprototype system and demonstrating it for CERN researchersand a few outside participants.The Web consists essentially of three parts. Berners-Lee deviseda markup language: that is, a system for indicating documentelements (such as headers), text characteristics, and so on. Anydocument could be linked to another by specifying thatdocument’s unique address (called a Uniform Resource Locatoror URL) in a request.
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