Computer Science. The English Language Perspective - Беликова (1176925), страница 24
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Internet Explorer does not fullysupport XHTML 1.0 or 1.1 yet.6. Marc Andreessen, who was the leader of the Mosaicteam at NCSA, quitted forming a company that wouldlater become known as Netscape CommunicationsCorporation.7. Netscape released its flagship Navigator product inOctober 1994, and it took off the next year. Microsoft,which had so far missed the Internet wave, now enteredthe fray with its Internet Explorer product.8. Both Microsoft and Netscape liberally incorporatedproprietary extensions to HTML in their products, andtried to gain an edge by product differentiation.9. This was in part due to Microsoft's integrating itsbrowser with its operating system and bundling dealswith OEMs; the company on faced antitrust litigationon these charges.10. Different browsers can be distinguished from each otherby the features they support.1402.
Answer the following questions.1.2.3.4.What is the main function of Web Browser?What is the file format for a web page?What standards do the modern browsers support?When was the first web browser created?3. Translate into English:В декабре 1992-го Марк Андрессен вместе с ЭрикомБина задумали написать свою собственную программуклиент для просмотра гипертекстовых WWW-документов,и всего через три месяца на свет появилась Mosaic мощнаяграфическая интерфейсная программа для работы сВсемирной информационной паутиной и другимиресурсами Интернета.С этого момента пользователь уже мог не вдаваться втехническиеподробностиреализациипротоколовкомпьютерных сетей, а, используя очень простой иудобный инструмент, посвятить всего себя работе синтересующей его информацией, распределенной поогромному множеству компьютеров, расположенных вразных городах, странах и даже на разных континентах.Mosaic в кратчайший срок стала самой быстрораспространяющейся по миру программой.
Таким образом,недавний выпускник колледжа Марк Андрессен добавилпоследний штрих, позволивший превратить всю Сеть,насчитывавшую в то время от одного до двух миллионовкомпьютеров, в единый гигантский суперисточникинформации.Чуть позже Андрессен вместе с Джимом КларкомосноваливКалифорниикомпаниюNetscapeCommunications, на долгие годы ставшей законодателеммод в Интернете.4. Give the summary of the text using the key terms.141WEB PAGE DESIGNRead the following words and word combinations and usethem for understanding and translation of the text:to emerge - появлятьсяto involve, to include - включать в себяto stream audio and video - передавать аудио и видеоdistinctive - отличительныйcluttered - запутанный, с помехамиto make sure - убедитьсяbackground - фонto elaborate - разработатьto separate - разделятьemphasis - акцентpermission - разрешениеto grab a restrained style - выбрать сдержанный стильto abound - быть в большом количествеpurpose –цельto raise performance - поднять производительность,повысить эффективостьconsistent - последовательныйbizarre typefaces - причудливые шрифтыto extend - расширятьto encounter - сталкиваться, встречатьto be intended for - быть предназначеным дляto implement - внедрятьspeedy access - скоростной доступto undergo - подвергаться,испытыватьto grab users’ attention - привлекать вниманиепользователейThe World Wide Web has existed for fewer than two decades,so it is not surprising that the principles and practices for thedesign of attractive and effective Web pages are still emerging.Creating Web pages involves many skills.
In addition to the142basic art of writing, many skills that had belonged to separateprofessions in the print world now often must be exercised bythe same individual. These include typography (the selectionand use of type and type styles), composition (the arrangementof text on the page), and graphics. To this mix must be addednontraditional skills such as designing interactive features andforms, interfacing with other facilities (such as databases), andperhaps the incorporation of features such as animation orstreaming audio or video.However new the technology, the design process still beginswith the traditional questions any writer must ask: What is thepurpose of this work? Who am I writing for? What are theneeds of this audience? A Web site that is designed to providebackground information and contact for a universitydepartment is likely to have a printlike format and a restrainedstyle.Nevertheless, the designer of such a site may be able toimaginatively extend it beyond the traditional bounds—forexample, by including streaming video interviews thatintroduce faculty members.A site for an online store is likely to have more graphics andother attention-getting features than an academic orgovernment site.
However, despite the pressure to “grabeyeballs,” the designer must resist making the site so clutteredwith animations, pop-up windows, and other features that itbecomes hard for readers to search for and read about theproducts they want.A site intended for an organization’s own use should not bevisually unattractive, but the emphasis is not on grabbing users’attention, since the users are already committed to using thesystem.
Rather, the emphasis will be on providing speedyaccess to the information people need to do their job, and inkeeping information accurate and up to date. Once the generalapproach is settled on, the design must be implemented.The most basic tool is HTmL, which has undergone periodicrevisions and expansions. Even on today’s large, high143resolution monitors a screen of text is not the same as a page ina printed book or magazine. There are many ways text can beorganized.A page that is presenting a manual or other lengthy documentcan mimic a printed book by having a table of contents.Clicking on a chapter takes the reader there.
Shorterpresentations (such as product descriptions) might be shown ina frame with buttons for the reader to select different aspectssuch as features and pricing. Frames (independently scrollableregions on a page) can turn a page into a “window” into manykinds of information without the user having to navigate frompage to page, but there can be browser compatibility issues.Tables are another important tool for page designers. Setting upa table and inserting text into it allows pages to be formattedautomatically.Many sites include several different navigation systemsincluding buttons, links, and perhaps menus. This can be goodif it provides different types of access to serve different needs,but the most common failing in Web design is probably thetendency to clutter pages with features to the point that they areconfusing and actually harder to use.Although the Web is a new medium, much of the traditionaltypographic wisdom still applies.
Just as many people who firstencountered the variety of Windows or Macintosh fonts in the1980s filled their documents with a variety of often bizarretypefaces, beginning Web page designers sometimes choosefonts that they think are “edgy” or cool, but may be hard toread—especially when shown against a purple background!Today it is quite possible to create attractive Web pages withoutextensive knowledge of HTmL. Programs such as FrontPageand DreamWeaver mimic the operation of a word processorand take a WYSIWYg (what you see is what you get) approach.Users can build pages by selecting and arranging structuralelements, while choosing styles for headers and other text as ina word processor.
These programs also provide “themes” thathelp keep the visual and textual elements of the page144consistent. Of course, designing pages in this way can becriticized as leading to a “canned” product. People who wantmore distinctive pages may choose instead to learn thenecessary skills or hire a professional Web page designer.A feature called Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) allows designersto precisely control the appearance of Web pages while definingconsistent styles for elements such as headings and differenttypes of text.
Most Web pages include graphics, and this raisesan additional set of issues.Page designers must also make sure that the graphics they areusing are created in-house, are public domain, or are used bypermission. Animated graphics can raise performance andcompatibility issues. Generally, if a site offers, for example,Flash animations, it also offers users an alternative presentationto accommodate those with slower connections or without thenecessary browser plug-ins. The line between Web page designand other Web services continues to blur as more forms ofmedia are carried online.
Web designers need to learn aboutsuch media technologies and find appropriate ways to integratethem into their pages. Web pages may also need to provide orlink to new types of forums.Since the start of the 21st century the Web has become moreand more integrated into people`s lives, as this has happenedthe technology of the Web has also moved on. There have alsobeen significant changes in the way people use and access theWeb, and this has changed how sites are designed.Since the end of the browsers wars there have been newbrowsers coming onto the scene. Many of these are open sourcemeaning that they tend to have faster development and aremore supportive of new standards.Notes:HTmL - от англ.
HyperText Markup Language — «языкгипертекстовой разметки»;) — стандартный язык разметкидокументов во Всемирной паутине.145Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) - Каскадные таблицы стилей)— формальный язык описания внешнего вида документа,написанного с использованием языка разметки.FrontPage - программа для создания сайта и Web-страниц.DreamWeaver - HTML-редактор компании AdobeAssignments:1. Translate the sentences from the text into Russian payingattention to the underlined words and phrases:1. In addition to the basic art of writing, many skills thathad belonged to separate professions in the print worldnow often must be exercised by the same individual.2.
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