Computer Science. The English Language Perspective - Беликова (1176925), страница 22
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Berners-Lee defined the HyperTextTransport Protocol, or HTTP, to handle the details needed toretrieve documents. (Although HTTP is most often used toretrieve HTmL-formatted Web documents, it can also be usedto specify documents using other protocols, such as ftp, news,129or gopher.) A program responds to requests for documents sentover the network (usually the Internet, that is, TCP/IP). Therequests are issued by a client program as a result of the userclicking on highlighted links or buttons or specifying addresses.The browser in turn interprets the HTmL codes on the page todisplay it correctly on the user’s screen.At first the Web had only text documents.
However, thanks toBerners-Lee’s flexible design, improved Web browsers could becreated and used with the Web as long as they followed therules for HTTP. The most successful of these new browsers wasMosaic, created by Marc Andreesen at the National Center forSupercomputing Applications. NCSA mosaic was available forfree download and could run on Windows, Macintosh, andUNIX-based systems. Mosaic not only dispensed with the textcommands used by most of the first browsers, but it also hadthe ability to display graphics and play sound files. WithMosaic the text-only hypertext of the early Web rapidly becamea richer hypermedia experience.
And thanks to the ability ofbrowsers to accept modules to handle new kinds of files, theWeb could also accommodate real-time sound and videotransmissions.In 1994, Andreessen left NCSA and co-founded a companycalled Netscape Communications, which improved andcommercialized Mosaic. Microsoft soon entered with acompetitor, Internet Explorer; today these two browsersdominate the market with Microsoft having taken the lead.Together with relatively low-cost Internet access these userfriendly Web browsers brought the Web (and thus theunderlying Internet) to the masses.
Schools and libraries beganto offer Web access while workplaces began to use internalwebs to organize information and organize operations.Meanwhile, companies such as the on-line booksellerAmazon.com demonstrated new ways to deliver traditionalproducts, while the on-line auction site eBay took advantage ofthe unique characteristics of the on-line medium to redefine theauction.
The burgeoning Web was soon offering millions of130pages, especially as entrepreneurs began to find additionalbusiness opportunities in the new medium. Two servicesemerged to help Web users make sense of the flood ofinformation. Today users can search for words or phrases orbrowse through structured topical listings. Estimates fromvarious sources suggest that as of 2007 approximately 1.2billion people worldwide access the Web, with usage increasingmost rapidly in the emerging industrial super- powers of Indiaand China.The Web is rapidly emerging as an important news medium.The medium combines the ability of broadcasting to reachmany people from one point with the ability to customizecontent to each person’s preferences.
Traditional broadcastingand publishing are constrained by limited resources and theneed for profitability, and thus the range and diversity of viewsmade available tend to be limited. With the Web, anyone with aPC and a connection to a service provider can put up a Web siteand say just about anything.
Millions of people now displayaspects of their lives and interests on their personal Web pages.The Web has also provided a fertile medium for the creation ofonline communities while contributing to significant issues. Asthe new century continues, the Web is proving itself to be trulyworldwide, resilient, and adaptable to many newcommunications and media technologies.
Nevertheless, theWeb faces legal and political challenges as well as technicalchallenges.Notes:By the beginning of the 1990s – к началу тысяча девяностыхUNIX - операционная система, существующая во многихвариантахGopher - сетевой протокол распределенного поиска ипередачи документов, широко распространенный винтернете до 1993 года.CERN – ЦЕРН (Европейский центр ядерных исследований)131Headers - заголовки, сопровождающие сообщения длясвязывания ячеек между собой.Hypermedia - главные средства массовой информации.HTTP - HyperText Transport ProtocolURL - Uniform Resource LocatorNCSA - National Center for Supercomputing ApplicationsAssignments1. Translate the sentences from the texts into Russian payingattention to the underlined words and phrases:1.
By the beginning of the 1990s, the Internet had becomewell established as a means of communication betweenrelatively advanced computer users, particularlyscientists, engineers, and computer science students —primarily using UNIX-based systems.2. It used a system of nested menus to organize documentsat host sites so they could be browsed and retrieved byremote users.3. However, thanks to Berners-Lee’s flexible design,improved Web browsers could be created and used withthe Web as long as they followed the rules for HTTP.4.
In 1994, Andreessen left NCSA and co-founded acompany called Netscape Communications, whichimproved and commercialized Mosaic.5. Meanwhile, companies such as the on-line booksellerAmazon.com demonstrated new ways to delivertraditional products, while the on-line auction site eBaytook advantage of the unique characteristics of the online medium to redefine the auction.6. Two services emerged to help Web users make sense ofthe flood of information.1327. With the Web, anyone with a PC and a connection to aservice provider can put up a Web site and say justabout anything.8.
Nevertheless, the Web faces legal and politicalchallenges as well as technical challenges.2.Answer the following questions:1. Who is the designer and founder of the World WideWeb?2. What is the concept of WWW functioning?3. What led to the rise of the World Wide Web?4. What abilities does WWW offer to customers?5. Why has the World Wide Web become the main meansfor transferring information over the Internet?3.
Translate into English:История WWW (World Wide Web) Всемирнойинформационной паутины началась в марте 1989 года,когда Тим Бернерс-Ли предложил новый способ обменарезультатами исследований и идеями между участникамиколлектива исследователей-физиков, работавших в разныхстранах. Для передачи документов и установления связипредлагалось использовать просто систему гипертекста(тогда никто еще не задумывался о возможности передачифотографических изображений, звука или видео; речь шлатолько о распространении текстовых документов,содержащих гиперссылки на фрагменты других таких жетекстовых документов, но располагающихся на удаленныхкомпьютерах, подключенных к глобальной сети Интернет).Собственно, гипертекст не был изобретениемБернерса-Ли. Да и HTML вовсе не был первым языкомописания страниц.
Но в нем впервые были связаны воединоне просто отдельные главы одного документа, а документы,133располагающиеся на самых различных серверах Интернетапо всему земному шару.4. Give the summary of the text using the key terms.WEB BROWSERRead the following words and word combinations and usethem for understanding and translation of the text:to resolve to – принимать решениеrelevant – относящийся к делуrequested - предлагаемый, запрашиваемыйcache - кэш, тайный запасto achieve- достигатьto be available for - доступный дляattractive - привлекательныйto reduce - сокращатьfray- схватка,битваto be inferior to - уступать, быть хуже (ниже) посравнению сsufficiently - достаточноto bundle - связывать в узел, отсылатьto fetch - извлекать, вызыватьvarious - разнообразныйcontroversial - противоречивыйto embed - встроить, внедрить.by default - по умолчаниюlayout – планирование, разметка.to intertwine with –переплетаться с…triggered by - приводимый в действиеto quit –уходить, покидатьflagship - флагманto ruin - разорятьlitigation-судебное дело134The World Wide Web consists of millions of sites that providehyper-text documents that can include not only text but stillimages, video, and sound.
To access these pages, the user runs aWeb-browsing program. The basic function of a Web browser isto request a page by specifying its address (URL, uniform [oruniversal] resource locator). This request resolves to a request(HTTP, HyperText Transport Protocol) that is processed by therelevant Web server. The server sends the HTML document tothe browser, which then displays it for the user. Typically, thebrowser stores recently requested documents and files in a localcache on the user’s PCs. Use of the cache reduces the amount ofdata that must be resent over the Internet.
However, sufficientlyskilled snoopers can examine the cache to find details of auser’s recent Web surfing. (Caching is also used by InternetService Providers so they can provide frequently requestedpages from their own server rather than having to fetch themfrom the hosting sites.)When the Web was first created in the early 1990s it consistedonly of text pages, although there were a few experimentalgraphical Web extensions developed by various researchers.The first graphical Web browser to achieve widespread use wasMosaic created by Marc Andreessen, developed at the NationalCenter for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). By 1993,Mosaic was available for free download and had become thebrowser of choice for PC users.
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