Computer Science. The English Language Perspective - Беликова (1176925), страница 18
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Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) has multiple, fullfledged CPUs, each capable of the full range ofoperations.1067. The processors share the same memory space, whichrequires that each processor that accesses a givenmemory location be able to retrieve the same value.2. Answer the following questions:1. Name general functions common to almost everyoperating system.2. What is memory management used for?3. Distinguish between a logical address and a physicaladdress.4. Name three memory management techniques anddescribe them.5.
Distinguish between a fixed partition and a dynamicpartition.6. What specific states does a process move through as it ismanaged by an OS?7. Define process control block (PCB). What informationdoes it store?8. What is a context switch?9. There are two types of CPU scheduling.
What are they?10. Distinguish between multitasking, multithreading andmultiprocessing.3. Translate into English:Ядро - центральная часть операционной системы,управляющаявыполнениемпроцессов,ресурсамивычислительной системы и предоставляющая процессамкоординированный доступ к этим ресурсам. Основнымиресурсами являются процессорное время, память иустройства ввода-вывода. Доступ к файловой системе исетевое взаимодействие также могут быть реализованы науровне ядра.Как основной элемент операционной системы, ядропредставляет собой наиболее низкий уровень абстракции107для доступа приложений к ресурсам вычислительнойсистемы, необходимым для их работы.
Как правило, ядропредоставляет такой доступ исполняемым процессамсоответствующих приложений за счет использованиямеханизмов межпроцессного взаимодействия и обращенияприложений к системным вызовам ОС.4. Give the summary of the text using the key terms.EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMSRead the following words and word combinations and usethem for understanding and translation of the text:proprietary - патентованный, частныйcommand-line driven - управляемый командной строкойto release - выпускатьto be targeted at - быть направленным наhigh-end server - сервер высокого класса, лидирующийсерверto evolve - развиватьсяincrementally - постепенно, поэтапноalong with - наряду сrobust - надежный, устойчивый к ошибкамto enhance - повышать, усиливать. совершенствоватьconsistent - последовательный, совместимыйlearning curve - кривая обучения, распределениесложностиelaborate - сложный, тщательно разработанныйversatility - многосторонность, гибкостьto overshadow - затмеватьprogeny - потомок, результатto spring from - возникатьmaverick - имеющий независимое мнениеviable - жизнеспособный, реальный108Microsoft WindowsOften simply called Windows, Microsoft Windows is a familyof proprietary operating systems.
Windows PCs run Intel orIntel-compatible microprocessors and use IBM-compatiblehardware architecture. It originated in 1981 as an add-on to theolder MS-DOS operating system for the IBM PC, which wascommand-line driven. Released in 1985 (Windows 1.0),Microsoft struggled to improve Windows through the rest ofthe 1980s.Windows called NT (New Technology) was first released in1993. NT, which progressed through several versions, wastargeted at the high-end server market, while the consumerversion of Windows continued to evolve incrementally asWindows 95 and Windows 98 (released in those respectiveyears).
These versions included improved support fornetworking (including TCP/IP, the Internet standard) and afeature called “plug and play” that allowed automaticinstallation of drivers for new hardware.Toward the end of the century, Microsoft began to merge theconsumer and server versions of Windows. Windows 2000incorporated some NT features and provided somewhat greatersecurity and stability for consumers. With Windows XP,released in 2001, the separate consumer and NT versions ofWindows disappeared entirely, to be replaced by home and“professional’ versions of XP.Windows XP supports multiple operating environments andsymmetric multiprocessing. The use of kernel objects to providebasic services, along with support for client-server computing,enables Windows XP to support a wide variety of applicationenvironments.
It provides virtual memory, integrated caching,and preemptive scheduling. Windows XP supports a securitymodel stronger than those of previous Microsoft operatingsystems and includes internationalization features.Introduced in early 2007, Microsoft Windows Vista includes anumber of new features, including a 3D user interface (“Aero”),easier and more robust networking, built-in multimedia109capabilities (such as photo management and DVD authoring),improved file navigation and desktop search. Perhaps the mostimportant feature is enhanced security, including User AccountControl, which halts suspect programs and requests permissionfor them to continue.Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009.Unlike its predecessor, Windows 7 was intended to be a morefocused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line.Presentations given by Microsoft in 2008 focused on multitouch support, a redesigned Windows Shell with a new taskbar,referred to as the Superbar, a home networking system calledHomeGroup and performance improvements.Windows 8, which was released to manufacturing on August 1,2012, introduced major changes to the operating system’splatform and user interface to improve its user experience ontablets, where Windows was now competing with mobileoperating systems.
These changes included a touch-optimizedWindows shell, the Start screen (which displays programs anddynamically updated content on a grid of tiles), a new platformfor developing apps with an emphasis on a touchscreen input,integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filteringservice.From the user’s point of view, Windows is a way to control andview what is going on with the computer. The user interfaceconsists of a standard set of objects (windows, menus, buttonssliders, and so on) that behave in generally consistent way. Thisconsistency reduces the learning curve for mastering a newapplication.Windows includes a number of features designed to make iteasier for users to control their PC. Most settings can bespecified through windows called dialog boxes, which includebuttons, check boxes or other controls.From the programmer’s point of view, Windows is amultitasked, event-driven environment.
Responsible programsallocate no more memory than they need, and release memoryas soon as it is no longer needed. If the pool of free memory110becomes too low, Windows starts swapping the least recentlyused segments of memory to the hard drive. This scheme,called virtual memory, allows a PC to run more and largerprograms than would otherwise be possible.While Windows still remains the dominant PC operatingsystem with tens of thousands of applications and at leastseveral hundred million users around the world, it is likely thatthe PC operating systems of 2020 will be as different fromtoday’s Windows as the latter is from the MSDOS of the early1980sUNIX/LinuxBy the 1970s, time-sharing computer systems were in use atmany universities and engineering and research organizations.Such systems required a new kind of operating system thatcould manage the resources for each user as well as the runningof multiple programs.
An elaborate project called MULTICShad been begun in the 1960s in an attempt to create such anoperating system. However, as the project began to bog down,two of its participants, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchiedecided to create a simple, more practical operating system fortheir PDP-7. The result would become UNIX.The essential core of the UNIX system is the kernel, whichprovides facilities to organize and access files, move data to andfrom devices, and control the running of programs. Indesigning UNIX, Thompson deliberately kept the kernel small,noting that he wanted maximum flexibility for users.A UNIX system typically has many users, each of whom maybe running a number of programs.
The interface that processesuser commands is called the shell. It is important to note that inUNIX a shell is just another program, so there can be (and are)many different shells reflecting varying tastes and purposes.Traditional UNIX shells include the Bourne shell (sh), C shell(csh), and Korn shell (ksh). Modern UNIX systems can alsohave graphical user interfaces similar to those found onWindows and Macintosh personal computers.111The versatility of UNIX quickly made it the operating system ofchoice for many most campuses and laboratories, as well as formany software developers.Although UNIX has been somewhat overshadowed by itsLinux progeny, a variety of open-source versions of traditionalUNIX systems have become available.
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