01-04-2020-Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов (6-е издание, 2006)(1) (1171846), страница 79
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13. To bind is to place a court under legal obligation to actin accordance with a previous judicial decision.Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски.1. We have no authority to deal with this matter: it does notcome within our ... 2.The person who goes to a higher court to ask415it to change a decision or a sentence of a lower court is known to becalled an ... 3. To ... means to take a question to a higher court forrehearing and a new decision. 4. An ...
is a person giving a decisionon a legal problem in an industrial dispute. 5. The judicial ... implies that judges in the higher courts have more authority thanthose in the lower courts. 6. Labour ... is laws concerning the employment of workers.
7. ... is the settlement of a dispute betweenparties by an outside person, chosen by both parties. 8. He lost his... for damages against the company. 9. Industrial ... are courtswhich can decide in disputes between employers and employees.10. Industrial or labour ... are arguments between management andworkers. 11. ... precedent is a decision of a higher court which hasto be followed by a judge in a lower court.Упражненве 3. Составьте словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и существительных из колонки В.1.
hear/ treat2. play3. regulate4. resolve / settle5. make6. observe7. protect8. keep9. invest10. assess11. appealВa. interestsb. a ruleс a cased. factse. relationsf. with powerg. a part / roleh. a dispute / argumenti. to a higher courtj. smth. to the minimumk. a decisionУпражненве 4. Подберите к глаголам из колонки А близкие по значениюслова и словосочетания из колонки В.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.416Аabolishagreeargueavoidbindestablishsettle / resolvetreatВa. express disagreementb. consider, deal withс legally force to do smth.d. put an end toe.
say «yes», be of the same opinionf. keep away from, escapeg. set uph. decide, determineУпражнение 5. Подберите к словам из колонки А синонимы или близкиепо значению словосочетания из колонки В.В1. issue2. capacity3. benefit4. hearing5. extra6. strict7. ordinary8. expertise9. supreme10. flexibletrialsubject of a dispute; question for discussionabilityadvantage; helpe. adaptablef.
highestg. outsideh. precisely limited; exactly definedi. normal, usualj . expert knowledgeУпражнение 6. Заполните пропуски антонимами,inside...the latteragreementformal .informalityolddissimilarityfairiyУпражнение 7. Назовите прилагательные с суффиксом -able, означающие:1. that2. that3. that4. thatcan be arguedcan be enforcedcan be avoidedcan be agreedУпражнение 8. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.VerbNounAdjectivelegislativeavoidanceimpartarguableagreeableenforcement417Упражнение 9.
А. Назовите 20—25 ключевых слов и словосочетаний натему «Judicial institutions and courts».В. Speak about:1. The difference between courts of first instance and appellatecourts.2. The риф08е of tribunals and arbitration.3. The advantages of arbitration.TextsКакие требования предъявляют к квалификации юриста в современномобществе? Прочитайте и переведите текст.The Profession of LawyersThe word «lawyer» describes a person who practices law, whohas become officially qualified to act in certain legal matters becauseof examinations he has taken and professional experience he hasgained. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who eachtake a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs.
In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to takeexamination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.A distinctive feature of the legal profession in England is that itis divided into two groups: barristers and solicitors. Barristers arelawyers who specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and havean exclusive right to be heard, the right of audience^ in all lawcourts in England, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usuallychosen from the most senior barristers, and once appointed theycannot continue to practice as barristers.
Solicitors are lawyers whodo much of the initial preparation for cases. They prepare legaldocuments (e.g. wills, sale of land or buildings), advise clients onlegal matters, and speak on their behalf^ in lower courts. In otherwords, a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom orpreparing his arguments for the court and a solicitor spends most ofhis time in an office giving advice to clients and making investigations.
Many people in England believe the distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated, as it has alreadyhappened in Australia.In both the United States and other industrialized countries,lawyers are becoming more and more specialized. Working in smallfirms, lawyers now tend to restrict themselves to certain kinds ofwork and lawyers working in large law firms or employed in the lawdepartments of a large commercial enteфrise work on highly specific areas of law.How to enter the profession of lawyers? Lawyers are subject tostandardized examination and other controls to regulate their com418petence. In some countries in order to practice as a lawyer it is necessary to obtain a university degree in law.
However, in others, adegree may be insufficient; professional examinations must bepassed. In Britain, the main requirement is to have passed the BarFinal examination (for barristers) or the Law Society Final examination (for solicitors). Someone with a university degree in a subject other than law needs first to take a preparatory course.Someone without a degree at all may also prepare for the final examination, but this will take several years. In most countries, lawyers would say that the time they spent studying for their law finalswas one of the worst period of their life.
This is because an enormous number of procedural rules covering a wide area of law mustbe memorized. In Japan, where there are relatively few lawyers, theexaminations are supposed to be particularly hard: less than 5 percent of candidates pass.A solicitor in England must then spend two years as an articledclerk^, during which time his work is closely supervised by an experienced solicitor, and then he must take further courses.
A barrister spends a similar year serving as a pupil under an experiencedbarrister.In most countries, once a lawyer is fully qualified he receives acertificate proving his right to sell his service. There are also insurance provisions so that if a lawyer is ever successfully sued by a client for professional incompetence, there will be funds available toenable him to pay damages. Even if a lawyer is very competent, hemust take care not to break the many rules of procedure and ethicsset by the body which regulates his profession.
In England, thebody regulating the conduct of solicitors is the Law Society. Thereis also a Solicitor's Disciplinary Tribunal with the power to suspendor even disqualify a solicitor.In most legal systems, conversations between a lawyer and hisclient are privileged: the client should know that what he says willnot be passed on to someone else without his permission. In theory,it could pose difficult ethical problems for a lawyer. For instance,what should he do in a criminal case if he believes his client guilty?In any case, it is the prosecution's job to prove guilt, not the defence's to prove innocence.
A lawyer could therefore defend his client simply by trying to point out weaknesses in the prosecution case.Notes to the Text1. the right of audience — право выступать в суде2. on their behalf — от их имени4193. articled clerk — служащий конторы солиситора, выполняющий свою работу в порядке платы за обучение профессиисолиситораУпражнение 1. Составьте словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и существительных из колонки В.А1. enter2. prepare/ prepare for3. become4. gain5. give6.
argue7. pose8. speak9. get/ obtain10. prove11. take/ pass12. do13. spendВа. adviceb. a degree in lawс timed. a probleme. examinationsf. a jobg. on one's behalfh. a professioni. guilt/ innocencej . a casek. experience1. arguments, documents/ the final examm. a lawyerУпражнение 2.
Назовите 5 словосочетаний со словами law и legal.Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски.1. ... is а general term for а member of the legal profession, e.g.a judge, barrister, solicitor, law teacher, etc. 2. The common purpose of a barrister and a solicitor is to provide professional serviceand advice on legal... 3. Barrister is a lawyer who can speak and ...a case in one of the higher courts.
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