01-04-2020-Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов (6-е издание, 2006)(1) (1171846), страница 77
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In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws, laws which prescribe how people ought to behave.For example, the speed limits are laws that prescribe how fast drivers should drive. Some of such laws are customs, that is, informalrules of social and moral behaviour. And some of them are preciselaws made by individual nations, governments and enforced againstall citizens within their power.The puфose of government-made laws is social control (without laws there would be anarchy in society) and the implementation of justice.
Sometimes laws are simply an attempt to implementcommon sense. It is obvious to most people that dangerous drivingshould be punished. But in order to be enforced, common senseneeds to be defined in law.The laws made by the government of one country are oftenvery different from the laws of another country. But the law todayis, to a large extent, a complex of different and relatively independent national systems. Despite major revisions over the centuries, the legal system of England and Wales is one of the oldeststill operating in the modern world. English law has directly influenced the law of former British colonies such as Australia, India,Canada and the nation where law plays a bigger part in everydaylife than anywhere else, the United States.
In addition, althoughthe legal systems of Western Europe and Japan come from ratherdifferent traditions, there are enough similarities in principle andinstitution.Each country in the world, even each state of the United States,has its own system of law. But it should be said that there are twomain traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Common Law, and has been adopted by many Commonwealth countries and most of the United States.
The other tradition, sometimesknown as Continental, or Roman law, has developed in most of405continental Europe, Latin America and Africa which have beenstrongly influenced by Europe. Continental law has also influencedJapan's legal system. In these countries Continental systems haveresulted from attempts by governments to produce a set of precise,detailed codes to govern every legal aspect of a citizen's life.Text 2Какие слова и термины из области правопорядка и преступлений Вызнаете? Прочитайте и переведите текст.Law, Order, CrimeWhen somebody brealLS the law and does something against thelaw the police must investigate who is responsible for a crime.
Ifthey find the person who committed the crime, they arrest him orher. At the police station the person is questioned and charged withthe crime. He must then be sent to court for trial.The person charged with the crime is now called the defendantor accused. In court, he must try to prove that he is innocent. Thejury listens to all the evidence for and against the defendant andthen makes their decision.If the jury decides that the defendant is guilty, the judge willgive the sentence.
For example, if a person is convicted of murder,the sentence will be many years in prison. The person then becomesa prisoner and the place he lives in is called a cell. For minor offences (that is, crime that is not serious, e.g. illegal parking), thepunishment is usually a fine. To fight crime the courts now givetougher punishments for crimes committed than in the past (e.g.bigger fines or longer prison sentences).
There is capital punishment (death by electric chair or hanging) for some crimes. If a person convicted of a crime is put on probation, instead ofpunishment, he must behave well for a period of 1-3 years. If he isconvicted of another crime while on probation, he will also be punished for the original crime. Suspended sentence^ is a prison sentence of less than two years which does not take effect unless theconvicted person commits another crime during the period specified by the court. Corporal punishment consists of causing a personto physical pain, e.g. by whipping. A community service order^ is acourt order to a person convicted of a crime to do a certain numberof hours of work without pay in the local community instead of another form of punishment.Common offences like theft, robbery, burglary, shoplifting;more serious offences such as murder, manslaughter and rape,crimes against public morals, pollution and traffic offences are aris406ing every day in the courts.
Thief, robber, burglar, shoplifter, murderer, rapist are criminals.People who defend criminals and present evidence are calledbarristers (lawyers) or attorneys (in Am Eng).Notes to the Text1. Suspended sentence — отсрочка исполнения приговораили наказания2. community service order — направление на общественныеработыУпражнение 1. Поставьте следующие события в правильной последовательности.1.
You are convicted of an offence.2. You are sentenced to punishment for an offence.3. You are tried for an offence.4. You are suspected of an offence.5. You plead guilty or not guilty to an offence at the trial.6. You are arrested for an offence.7. You are accused of an offence (You are charged with an offence).Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски.1. The ... must decide if the accused is innocent or... 2.
The police were sure the man was a ... , but it would be difficult to ... it incourt. 3. Two months later the defendant was sent to court for ...4, If the accused is convicted of rape, the ... may be at least tenyears in ... 5.... defend people and present... 6. If you park your carillegally, you will have to pay a ... 7. In Britain it is ... the law todrive a motor vehicle without insurance. 8.
Fortunately, it was onlya minor ... and we were not taken to the police station. 9. The ...sentences people. 10. I have never ... the law and ... a crime.11. Police are allowed to stop anyone in the street and ... them.Упражнение 3. Подберите к словам и словосочетаниям в колонке Асоответствующие по значению из колонки В.А1. wrong2. ask questions3. commit a crime4. arrest5. evidenceВа.
punishmentb. provide factsс kill someone by intentiond. questione. investigate4076. sentencef. kill someone by accident7. theftg. break into a shop / house8. robh. take to the police station9. burglei. steal from a shop when open10. stealj . steal from people or places11. shopliftk. break the law12. murder1. illegal, against the law13. manslaughterm. information about the crime14.
capital punishmentn. stealing15. try to find out what hap o.takepenedp. death sentence16. proveУпражнение 4. Заполните пропусю!.1. We think the driver of a BMW will be charged with ... because he did not mean to kill the boy. 2. Did he kill his partner?Yes, he has been charged with ... 3. He took the money fromwomen's bags.
He has been charged with ... 4. She stole things froma supermarket, so she will be charged with... 5. Two boys have beencharged with ... because they broke into a shop in the middle of thenight and took money.Упражнение 5. Замените выделенные слова и словосочетания близкимипо значению словами или словосочетаниями.1. If someone commits а crime, the police must try tofindoutwhat happened.
2. When the police find the persons responsible forthe crime they take them to the police station and ask them a lot ofquestions. 3. To reach their decision, the jury must listen carefullyto the information about the crime for and against the accused. 4. Itwas only a minor offence and a driver had to pay money. 5. If youdo something wrong, then you commit a crime.
6. Death sentenceis a comparatively rare event now. 7. What can government do tostop crime?Упражвенне 6. Составьте словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и существительных из колонки В.А1. make2. commit3. break4. give5. listen to408Вa. the sentenceb. of the crimeс against the lawd.
the lawe. decisions6. be charged7. be convicted8. do smth.f. the evidenceg. with the crimeh. a crimeУпражнение 7. Заполните пропуски антонимами.guilty ...illegalminor ...lawful.usual, commonrightУпражнение 8. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.VerbNounVerbconvictionpunishquestionsentenceaccuseNoun'commitmentУпражнение 9. A. Назовите 20-25 ключевых слов и словосочетаний натему *Law and order, crime».В. Speak about:1.
Individual actions necessary to prevent a crime from happening (to stop a crime).2. Capital punishment for some crimes.3. Do you think people should be allowed to use a gun or knifein self-defence?TextsКакие виды права вы знаете? Прочитайте и переведите текст.The law is the whole body of laws considered collectively. Thereare many ways in which the law can be classified. It can be dividedinto common law, civil law, criminal law, constitutional law, substantive and procedural laws, etc.By the words «common law» we mean law which is common tothe whole country — national law in contrast to local law.
Common law (in England) is unwritten law based on judicial decisionsmade by judges in previous cases (case law) in contrast to the lawmade by Pariiament or other law-making body (statute law). It distinguishes the common law legal systems based on precedents fromthe civil law jurisdictions based on civil codes. Law of equity is theapplication of principles of justice outside common law or statute409law, used to correct laws when these would apply unfairly in specialcircumstances.A simple distinction between the criminal law (the foundationof which is the common law), and the civil law is that the latter regulates the relationships between individuals or bodies and the former regulates the legal relationships between the state andindividual people and bodies.
Examples of the civil law includebreaches of contract (the law of contract), tort (literally meaning«wrong»), property or claims for damages for negligent conduct.Consider the following situation. You decide to buy a cellphonefrom a local shop. You pay the correct price and take the cellphoneaway. You have entered into a contract with the owner of the shop.After three days the cellphone fails to work. This is a common situation and usually the shopkeeper will replace the cellphone or return your money.
If not, you may wish to take legal action torecover your loss. As the law of contract is part of the civil law theparties to the action will be you (an individual) and the owner ofthe shop (an individual person or body). Hence, the civil law ismore concerned with apportioning losses than determining blame.Given that the defendant has damaged the victim's property, thequestion in the civil law is who should pay for that damage.
If thevictim is wholly innocent and the defendant even only little toblame, then the defendant should shoulder the liability.Now let us look at some examples of the criminal law. This isthe law by which the state regulates the conduct of its citizens.Criminal offences range from the petty (e.g.
parking offences) tothe very serious (e.g. murder). Look at the following situation. Youare driving your car at 70 m.p.h. (112 kilometers per hour) in anarea, which has a speed limit of 40 m.p.h. You are stopped by a police officer and subsequently a case is brought against you for dangerous driving. This is a criminal offence. The parties to the actionwill therefore be the state (in the form of prosecuting authority)and you (an individual).Although the division between the civil and criminal law isclear, there are many actions, which will constitute a criminal offence and a civil wrong. For example, you are driving your car toofast. Suppose that while you were doing this you knocked over andinjured an elderly man.
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