диссертация (1169135), страница 46
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Embracing the high pressures, they limit time for their personalaffairs to carry out their professional careers and responsibilities as mothers, andwives587. Women sacrifice their own personal affairs to their greater dream, whichis gaining an independent identity. Professions have been one of the ways thatfulfill their desires.Women organizing their life and time for comfort of others inside the houseare working outside the house mainly for their own sake. The combination of workinside and outside the house leaves them rarely a time for leisure. A woman wholeaves her job every afternoon returns her home, which is another workplace forher. It is the same for non-occupied women for whom also there is no differencebetween leisure place and workplace.
In fact, women's domestic works areprerequisites for preparing a house, which is a leisure place for other familymembers. Langhamer, on her book about English women's leisure writes, "Thepleasure which husband and children find in such comfort that the house provides,is denied to her, who may be too exhausted to enjoy them" 588.
A look through anIranian woman's life, or may be in the life of most women around the world,reveals that the borders of their work and leisure is usually blurred, leaving aleisure which is ambiguous in nature.Women as the care providers certainly cannot enjoy a leisure equality as mendo. According to a research, Iranian women allocate less time for leisure time incomparison to men. Best argues, "A central concept in constraint of women'sleisure is the notion of ethics of care". This notion means that women are دوفصلنامه جامعه شناسی. بررسی وضعیت اشتغال خارج از خانه زنان فارغ التحصیل دانشگاهی.شجاع نوری فروغ الصباح ؛ یاسرپور سمانه587.28-13 صص.2932 .1 ش.اقتصادی و توسعهShoja'nuori F.A., Yaserpur S .Study of the State of Educated Women's Occupation.Jame shenasi-e egtesadi vatose'e, No. 2, 2016, pp.29-48.588Langhamer c.
Women's Leisure in England, 1920-1960. Manchester University Press, 2000. p.34.196"socialized into caring for the needs of others at the expense of their ownfulfilment and happiness"589. A woman in order to leave the house for a leisureactivity feels that she must be assured that the household task is done and needs ofeach member are fulfilled. Even women's weekend activities are not significantlydifferent from their weekdays. Some feminists believe that the difficulties thatwomen face to make time for leisure or pursue a leisure activity make the conceptof leisure seem inappropriate for women590.
However, the changes to apartmentliving, Labor saving equipments, ghost restaurants, schools and nurseries that keepchildren away from home have lessening the burden of the Iranian women,influencing the amount of their leisure time591.The gendered culture, identifying women as caretakers limit Iranian women'smost leisure spaces within the houses. Besides, there are social filters operatingagainst Iranian women's participation at some leisure activities. A quantitativeresearch among Iranian women also proves that most women choose house as theirleisure place592.
Their leisure activities inside the houses are not detached fromtheir gender identity as female. Watching TV, listening to music, sewing, Knitting,bakery, preparations for women gatherings, include some of the leisure activitiesof women inside the house. Another research manifests that Iranian women showhigh tendency to spend their leisure time with family members, relatives andfriends, throwing parties and inviting families and friends593.
Reading absorbs only7.48 percent of women's leisure time594.589Best Sh. Leisure Studies: Themes and Perspectives. London: SAGE, 2010. p.69Rojek С. Shaw S., Veal A. A Handbook of Leisure Studies. Palgrave McMillian, 2006. p.424.591Singh Das M. Roles of Women in Muslim Countries. New Delhi. MD Publication PVT.LTD. 1991. pp. 69-70..271 -227 صص، 2987 ،53 شماره، تحلیل اجتماعي نظم و نابرابري، تفاوت هاي جنسیتی در اوقات فراغت. مدیری فاطمه، سفیری خدیجه592Safiri Kh., Modiri F.
Gender Discrimination at Leisure: Social Analysis of Order and Inequality. Tahlil ejtemae-enazm va barabari, No. 59, 2008, pp. 147-170.، سرمایه فرهنگی و زنان (مطالعهی موردی زنان شهرستان جویبار) زن در توسعه و سیاست، اوقات فراغت. براهیمی قربانغلی و مسلمی رقیه593.32-79 صص،2931 ،2 شمارهIbrahimi G., Moslemi R. Leisure Time, Cultural Capital and Women. Zan dar tose'e va siyasat, No.
4, 2012, 73-91..2 شماره29 کتابداری و اطالع رسانی جلد. بررسی وضعیت مطالعه زنان شاغل و خانه دار شهر شیراز. کیانی خوزستانی حسین و همکاران594.251-299 صKa'ani H.Examination of Study Rate of Occupied and Nonoccupied Women of Shiraz City. Ketabdari va ete'laresani, Vol. 13, No. 133, pp. 133-150.590197House as a leisure space for women, today, offers abundance of leisurevarieties through being equipped to internet connections. According to Mr. AzariJahromi, Women's counselor at Ministry of communication and information,housewives are the most users of internet in Iran.
They mainly use internet as ahobby to fill their leisure time595. With the mushrooming number of users, it seemsthat virtual leisure spaces has been an enticing substitute for the traditional leisurespaces. Providing a vast unlimited public realm of communication, virtual spacescan replace the traditional form of spending with friends and families to shareinterests, ideas and lifestyle. A quantitative research among a group of Iranianwomen shows that women use internet as a convenient medium for socialization,access to virtual communities to expand their communicational range, for beingupgraded and improved through gaining information, for learning new ways ofhousekeeping and child rearing.
They all believed that internet as a simple and fastway has helped them to be involved in the globalized way of life596. Therefore,virtual world connecting women to the global culture detaches them from theirtraditional identity.88.2 percent of Iranian women spend their leisure time at home. 73.7 percentof this time is spent socializing with family members or friends. Only 6.3 percentof women are satisfied with the ways that they spend their leisure time 597.Generally speaking, we can claim that Iranian women's leisure mainly circulates inthe domain of stereotypes attributed by the traditional heteronormative roles thatmarginalize women.Shifting from the domestic and private leisure space, as the most favoredleisure space for both occupied and non-occupied women, we can find publicleisure spaces.
These spaces reinforcing heteronormativity are sometimesspecialized for women or men. Those spaces that women can attend as veiled are595See: https://www.borna.news/.219-215 .2935 ویزه نامه زن و جامعه.2932 گذران اوقات فراغت زنان در فضای مجازی شهر تهران سال.کفاشی مجید و پیرجلیلی زهرا596Kafashi M., Pirjalili Z. Spending Leisure Time at Virtual Spaces. Zan va jame'e, 2016. Pp. 105-123..272.-233 . ص.32 سال دهم شماره، مجله حرکت. جایگاه ورزش در اوقات فراغت زنان ایرانی، تندنویس فریدون597Tondnvis F.
The Place of Sports in Iranian Women's Leisure. Journal "Harakat", No. 61, pp. 166-174.198free for both sexes. Restaurant, cinemas, theaters, concerts, circus, parks,museums, historical buildings, libraries, exhibitions are some of the spaces thatwomen along with men spend their leisure times.The spaces that are allocated only for men include traditional coffee house,Zurkhaneh, a place for the traditional wrestling gym for men and in ancient timesfor warriors, wrestling stadiums, and football stadiums.
To overcome the ban onattending Azadi stadium recently some girls disguised as men and entered thestadium598.Fig. 19. Girls disguised at Azadi Staduim-2018They have proved how gender identity can be simply troubled by a disguise.In the recent world cup match between Iran and Spain, held in Russia, the banslifted and women entered the stadium to watch the screened match. After thematch, the Spanish Capitan tweeted about these women, "They are the ones whowon tonight.
Hopefully the first of many”599.598Disguised women sneak into Iranian football match, BBC NEWS, 01.05.2018. — Mode of access:https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-43964178599Grez M. Azadi Stadium: Iran women celebrate despite World Cup loss to Spain. CNN, 21.06/2018. — Mode ofaccess: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/20/football/iran-spain-world-cup-russia-2018-spt-intl/index.html199Fig. 20.
Women at Azadi Staduim watching the screened Iran-Spain footballmatch-2018Iranian women also enjoy only-women public leisure spaces. Gyms, variousfields of sport, swimming pools and aqua parks are among the most welcomedspaces for women. Gender segregation in sport areas has left no place for theresistance of even the most conservative families who send their girls or wives toparticipate at different sports. The number of women attending at championshipsports is increasing significantly.
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