диссертация (1169135), страница 50
Текст из файла (страница 50)
Women's presence in different professionsis the only arena that women have overcome heteronormativity. Going beyond theboundaries of established gendered professions women subvert the norm of binarydivision of professions as manly and womanly.Though the rate of female graduates of high education exceeds the number ofmale graduates, their working rate is still remarkably low.
The low rate of women's214social participation, however, refers to heteronormative socialization of genderssince the infancy. The images of masculinity or femininity shaped in the mindsnaturally drive them to find their future in society or inside the house. Thegendered expectations created in the Iranian society expects a young boy to find anappropriate occupation, while young girls are exonerated from necessarily havinga profession. Besides women's social participation is hindered by the establishedgender norms that expect female sex to fulfill primarily the household labor andchild rearing. The heteronormative loading of women with domestic works isassociated with women's essential nature in a way that the unpaid domesticdrudgery is regarded their duty and not a work.
With the centrality ofheteronormativity, female sex still signifies nurturer in charge of householddrudgery. Women's house labor has not experienced any radical departure fromwhat they used to do traditionally. The household labor as a performance derivedfrom the traditional heteronormative script has been reiterated through time,contributing to the stability of the signification of female sex as nurturer in chargeof domestic labor. Although in the realm of social profession they have subvertedthe norm of gender division of labor, the signification of female identity primarilyas a nurturer limits the social involvement of educated women.For women, whether occupied or non-occupied, home is both a leisure placeand a workplace.
Identification of female sex as the essential care providershadows women's leisure time. Women's domestic activities serve as prerequisitesfor preparing leisure activities for other family members.Indoor leisure activities of Iranian women, which are the most favored ones,are mainly repetition of the traditional cultural norms.
However, use of virtualworld among women as a prevalent indoor leisure activity has been an influentialfactor on construction of women's modern identity. Division of Outdoor leisurespaces in Iran only for men or women or both proves the circulation ofheteronormative gender stereotypes. However, some women have displayeddeviated reiteration of norms and attempted to enter at leisure spaces such as215stadium of football or men's coffee houses to subvert the norms. Personalgrooming and strolling at shopping malls are the immediate refuges that identifywomen as modern.
Consumerism as a way to escape from traditional non-secularculture is associated with modernity. The sensual and secular leisure activity,identifying women as modern, is in contrast to the traditional leisure that wasintertwined with religion. However, these modern activities, being defined aswomanly, are also charged with traditional heteronormative gender stereotypes.The centrality of heteronormativity prevents deferred signification of femalesex. Though the signification of female sex has amended through time, it is notbeyond binary gendered expectations.All three aspects of Iranian women'sperformances, studied through the thesis, derive their meanings fromheteronormative gender stereotypes.Implications for Further ResearchFor further research, it is recommended to compare body maintenance ofWestern women and Iranian women. Secondly, it would be valuable to explore theimage of veiling represented in Western media.
Thirdly, it is recommended tostudy the resistance of Iranian state against the influence of Western discourse onIranian women's identity. Finally, exploration of identity construction of Iranianwomen in diaspora can be a parallel study of the present thesis.216BIBLIOGRAPHYScientific monographs1. Abelove H., Barale M.A., Halperin D.M. The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader.New York, London: Routledge, 1993.
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