диссертация (1169135), страница 45

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Michigan: Random House, 2006. p.106.‫ بهار و‬،27 ‫ شماره‬،5 ‫ دوره‬،‫ پژوهشنامه اقتصاد کالن‬،‫ نگاهی به مشارکت اقتصادی زنان در ایران‬،‫ زراء نژاد منصور منتظرحجت امیرحسین‬577.212-77 ‫ ص‬،2982 ‫تابستان‬Zaranejad. M., Montazar. A. A View of Iranian Women's Economical Participation. Pajuheshnam e egtesad-ekalan, No 17, 2005, pp. 77-104.،53 ‫ شماره‬،‫ مطالعات راهبردی زنان‬،‫ بررسی سیاست گذاری اشتغال زنان در جمهوری اسالمی ایران‬،‫ تاج مزینانی علی اکبر؛ یاسری زینب‬578.57-7 ‫ صص‬،2931Taj Aliakbar & Yaseeri Z. Examination of Policies of Women's Occupation in Iran.

Motaleat e Rahbordi e Zanan.(59). 2013. p. 7-57.191Fig. 17. Mahnaz Mirzayee, executive of a coalmineFig. 18. Female bus driverFemale taxi drivers, bus drivers, truck drivers, pilots, firefighter, or miningexecutive are the jobs known as manly throughout the world. Dr. Soroush states,"Women's presence in society is now as natural and logical as their absence oncewas"579. women have overcome heteronormativity through breaking the genderboundaries at occupations.

Going beyond the boundaries of established gendered579Mir Hoseini Z. Islam and Gender: The Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran. I.B.Tauris, 2000. p. 224.192professions women subvert the norm of binary division of professions as manlyand womanly.According to jahnbegloo, night shift female taxi drivers, still in their veilsseem paradoxical to Iran's traditional Islamic discourse. He believes that it is asimplistic view of the phenomena as the credit to the blessings of Westernizationsand weakening of Islamizations". The Islamic process in Iran has combined antiWesternization with industrialization, and urbanization.

Iranian modernizationflows against the homogenous globalized modernization. While maintaining itstraditional and religious culture, it drives the state toward modernization. Women'sentrance to the occupational positions is associated with the state's attempts forprogress of the country580.However, still women's social participation is limited. According to aquantitative research in 2017, only 15 percent of Iranian women are sociallyoccupied.

Only at some provinces it extents to 30 percent 581. While quantitativelythe number of female graduates exceeds men's, at occupational states men appearmore. The limited range of occupation among women can be associated notprincipally with attainable occupational fortunes, but with heteronormativegendered culture. The gender stereotypes imposed by the traditional culture sincethe infancy can be considered as one of the main factors impeding women fromsocial participation. It is revealed that the attribution of gender roles to sexes are sonaturalized that the individuals rarely think beyond them.

A research proves howgender stereotypes construct the gender identity of Iranian kids. The researcherpresents the parents' prevalent phrases, the cartoons, storybooks, and schoolcurriculums that contribute construction of gender identity. Kids are mainlyintroduced with female figures as mothers who are cooking, taking care of kids,580Jahanbegloo R. Iran: Between Tradition and Modernity.

Lexington Books, 2004. P.161-164.‫ راهبرد‬.2931 ‫ و‬2985 ‫ مطالعه تطبیقی اشتغال زنان در استانهای کشور با تاکید بر سرشماریهای‬،‫ زارع شاه آبادی اکبر‬،‫ علی دمحمی قاسم‬581.291-212 ‫ صص‬،2933 ،23 ‫ شماره‬،‫توسعه‬AliMohammadi Q & Zare A.Comparative Study of Women's Occupation in the Provinces, Emphasizing theCensus.Rahbord-e Tose, (49), 2017, pp. 104-132.193while men are fathers who are socially active582.

The images shaped as male orfemale in the mind of each, naturally drive them to find their future in society orinside the house. The gendered expectations created in the Iranian society expectsa young boy to find an appropriate occupation because he will be the protector ofhis future family. In contrast, young girls are exonerated from necessarily having aprofession.

Though high educations of females is admired, their occupation is notalways accepted. Occupation that brings financial independence for women as wellas a social identity unravels women from the authority of men as the protectors ofthe family. The overthrow of expected submissive female identity is not alwaysdesirable in current Iranian culture.

Though the male dominant views are not asstrict as in traditional Iranian culture, it still survives. The independent femaleidentity troubles the assumed hierarchies within the family and shatters thestability of the family583. Women's occupations has turned to be one of the reasonsof divorce. Besides the established gender roles expects female sex to fulfillprimarily the household drudgery and child rearing. A research proves how Iranianmen believe that women are definitely in charge of housework drudgery.

Whilewomen state that men disgracefully viewing housework, feel no responsibilitytoward it584. In fact, the bulk of unpaid house drudgery, which women are incharge, hinders their social improvement. The traditional culture of loading womenwith domestic works is associated with women's nature in a way that men considertheir participation as extra work and a favor to women. However, domestic labor isregarded not as a work for women, but a duty.

The subjects are induced to view thegendered culture as the essential female nature and not as the established.53-29‫ صص‬، 91‫ شماره‬2981‫ پژوهشنامه ادبیات کودک و نوجوان‬،‫ نقش الگوهای جنسیت برای کودک ایرانی‬،‫ حاجی نصرهللا شکوه‬582Haji Nasrollah Sh. The Role of Gender Stereotypes for Iranian Kids. Pajuheshnam-e Kudak va Nojavan, 32, 2004,pp.43-59.،‫ زن در توسعه و سیاست‬،)‫ متأهالن شهر تهران‬:‫ نشاط زناشویی و گرایش به طالق (مورد مطالعه‬،‫ علی؛ اشتغال زنان‬،‫ فاطمه؛ رحیمی‬،‫ مدیری‬583..275-252 ‫ صص‬،2935 ،22 ‫شماره‬Modiri F., Rahimi A.Women's Occupation, Vitality of Marriage Life and Tendency to Divorce.

Zan dar Tos'e vaSiyasat, 14, 2016, pp.451-475.; Esfandiyar S. Married Women's employment and its relationship with divorce.Havra'a, No. 18. 21.01.2006. [Electronic resource]. — Mode of access: https://wrc.ir/hora/detail/3/3/1392/53/562.225-83 ‫ صص‬،2981 ،7 ‫ شماره‬،)‫ زن در توسعه و سیاست(پژوهش زنان‬،‫ تحول جامعه پذیری جنسیتی‬،‫هومین فر الهام‬584Hoominfar E. Evolution of Gender Socialization. Padjohesh- e Zanan, No. 7, 2003, pp.89-115.194construction. Women's house labor has not experienced any radical departure fromwhat they used to do traditionally.

Except for the use of modern device, they carryout the same duties and responsibilities as they did before. The heteronormativedivision of gender roles has still fixed the signification of nurturer to the femalesex.Recently Iranian vice president, Mrs.

Molaverdi, stated that women manacledby traditional gender roles are restricted in their social and political participation. Itleaves the majority of high social and political positions for men, who have beenthe powerful authorities of families and society. She believes that the features suchas passiveness and being indifferent to serious social matters attributed to womenhave marginalized them585.

However, this male dominated culture ascribes thedisgracefully considered housework to women who are working unpaid andnonstop in domestic realm. A variety of empirical studies has proved thatthroughout the world "women consistently undertake more work than men,whether they are employed outside or not".

The work level increases in case ofsocially employed women586.Unlike the household drudgery, Iranian women generally welcome socialprofessions. This paradoxical embracement of too much work seemscomprehensible considering the independency given by an occupation. Thefinancial independency unshackling women from reliance to men contributesconstruction of independent identity. Iranian women's identity that has beentraditionally defined in relation to their domestic roles as mothers and wives canmeet a new independent aspect. Active social participation enables women toconstruct social identity free from their gender. Occupied women cope with overloading works not only for financial reasons, but also for the independent social‫ پایگاه تحلیلی خبری خانواده و‬.‫ مانع مشارکت تأثیرگذار سیاسی و اجتماعی زنان است‬،‫ مسئولیتهای خانهداری و مراقبت از فرزندان‬:‫موالوردی‬585.2935 ‫ بهمن ماه‬28 ،‫زنان‬Mrs.

Molaverdi, Iranian vice president: Housework and childcare responsibilities hinder women's political andsocial participation.Family and women's analytical database. 06.02.2017. — Mode of access:http://mehrkhane.com/fa/news/29611/586Grint K. The Sociology of Work: Introduction. UK: Polity Press. 2005. P.32.195identity that the profession assures. A quantitative research demonstrates that eightpercent of occupied women believe in the independent female identity guaranteedby their jobs. Unlike their complaining about the extra work that they carry out,none would stand shrinking form their professions in behalf of child rearing orhouse maintaining.

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