диссертация (1169135), страница 44
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Women's education andemancipation from the seclusionary houses was to ensure the "well-being of thefuture generation". Women gained identity as "bearers and nurturers of the nation'schildren"567.Women's works outside the houses were not discharged of the shadow oftheir female sex. The regime of Reza Shah "encouraged women to enter "suitable"professions such as teaching, nursing and office work". However, in the final yearsof Reza Shah, "the Women's Awakening was unleashed with a barrage of presspropaganda". A torrent of images of modern Iranian womanhood routinelyappeared in Iranian press.565Fathi A.
Women and the Family in Iran. Netherlands: Leiden University Publication. P. 67.Auslander Ph. Performance: pt. 1. Identity and the self. London and New York: Routledge. 2003. p. 104.567Paidar P. Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran. Cambridge University Press, 1997. p.112.566185Fig. 14. Image of Iranian female pilots on the cover page of a women's magazineThe images, such Iranian athlete women or women trained as pilots,released Iranian woman's identity from the overflow of impeding genderedexpectations.
It paved the way for involvement of Iranian women in professionsthat recently were in the realm of men. Women's entrance to society of mixedsexes entailed ensuring security for women. The prevalent underscore of moralityamong elite women expanded the range of male guardianship" from inside thehouses to the society of co-workers, teachers and the whole state"568.Women breaking the barriers set by male sex conquered the male dominatedarenas and moved to write a new female identity. When in November 7, 1939 thefirst commercial calling for applicants to register for pilot training coursesappeared, women along with men enrolled in it. Three women received licenses568Amin C.P Propaganda and Remembrance: gender, education, and “the women's awakening” of 1936. Journal ofIranian Studies, No.32, 1999. pp.
351-386.186and experienced independent flies assuring identities liberated from theirgender569.Women also occupied the positions as judges, deputies of the parliament,and members of the cabinet, and many other professions viewed as manly. Heresome of the first professions that Iranian women pioneered are mentioned:Brigadier-general (Arfaee), attorney general (Najafzade), architect (Ohanjaniyan),archeologist (Barzin), judge (Bani mahd), pilot (Tejartchi), embassedor inDenmark (Dolatshahi), Bus driver (Soltan), prosecutor (Choobak).
However, thenumber was very limited570. Though they were limited in number, they pioneeredperforming the actions according to the modern discourse. These performancesidentified them with modern cultural identity that was in contrast to the traditionalpassive subordinate secluded and marginalized female identity.Fig. 15. Imperial naval officers569See: The first women pilots in Iran.
Portal " NCRI Women's Committee" — Mode of access: https://women.ncriran.org/famous-women/1831-the-first-women-pilots-in-iran.2931 مهر12 ، بی بی سی فارسی، زن نخست ایران در حوزههای مختلف211 ، محجوب نیکی570Mahjoob N. 100 Pioneer Iranian Women in Different Areas. BBC NEWS. 13.10.2013. — Mode of access:http://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2013/10/131010_100women_first_nm187Enthusiastic women aspiring for professions realized that they could nothandle housework and social professions simultaneously.They demanded achange of family structure, and an equitable distribution of responsibilities insidethe family.
Believing that women are human beings just like men are, they statedthat women are not superwomen "Women should not be asked either to do bothjobs or to give up life outside the house". Women proceeded in makingamendments in constitution supporting women's social roles, but revisions failed toinvolve women's domestic responsibilities571.
Though in respect to women's socialprofessions the gender stereotypes were disturbed in a limited range, theirsignification as nurturers remained due to the heteronormative socialization ofgender identity.Constitutionalism failed to transform the traditional pattern of Iranianwomen's life in general. The pre- industrial society opened no especial place forwomen's leisure. According to Martin, "There was no organization of leisure houractivity". However, "the enjoyment of leisure was inextricably interwoven withother purposes".
For instance, the institutions of religion, family, or traditionalfestivals served still leisure spaces for Iranian women. Leisure mingled with lifewas under the same traditionally established norms, such as gender segregationand gender roles that dominated the life.Women's education as well as the establishment of women's organizationsand publications, nevertheless, innovated new choices for women. Elite womenattended these organizations, or poetry reading meetings, or gatherings to playmusic572.
Still this new area of women's activities were not beyond challenge in theview of conservatives. The performances that identified women as modern werenot a cultural norm identifying a viable female identity in the traditional discourse.571Beck L., Nashat G. Women in Iran from 1800 to the Islamic Republic. USA, University of Illinoi Press, 2004. p.122. صص.2931 ،2 شماره. جامعه شناسی تاریخی. تحلیل خرده گفتمانهای زنان در دوره مشروطیت.باستانی سوسن و باستانی سوسن و همکاران572218-79Bastani S.
et al. Analysis of Women's Discourses during Constitutional Era. Jame' Shenasi-e tarikhi, No.1, 2014,pp.73-108.188However, the renewalists encouraging women's social interactions paved the wayfor more public social spaces for women. A year after the establishment ofcinemas, a cinema owner, Khan Baba Khan Motazedi, opened his cinema forwomen twice a week. Women enthusiastically welcomed attending the cinema andthey had their own cinema a year later in 1296573.Pahlavi state's attempts to introduce modernization to different arenas ofsociety, including culture, certainly touched leisure activities. Modernization ofsociety that had pushed educated women to official occupation, established adivision of work and leisure.The advent of new media, radio and television, remodeled leisure times.They replaced some of the traditional leisure activities.
At the same time, the newmedia influenced other aspects of women's lifestyle. Movies acquainted them withWestern modern and secular way of life that went in contrast to the traditionalIslamic culture. According to Arasteh, "movies greatly altered the attitudes ofmany urban young people towards marriage and family life by introducing them tothe idea of romantic life"574. New media, filling the leisure time of some women,contributed to the construction of modern female identity.Women's sports, mainly in mixed environments, was one of theWesternization agenda of Reza Shah Pahlavi. The pictures of female athletes onjournal covers and newspapers encouraged women to be involved in physicaltraining..293-33 صص.2931 .39 مجله گفتگوو شماره.2957-2189 . اشاعه و پذیزش سینما در جامعه و فرهنگ ایران، جاللی پرویز573Jalali P.
Circulation and Approval of Cinema in Iranian Culture and Society. Journal "Goftegu", No. 63, 2014,pp.99-136.574Arasteh R. Man and Society in Iran. Netherlands: Leiden, 1970. p. 145.189Fig. 16. Women's volleyball national team in Asian Games – 1958In 1958, Iranian women athletes competed at the Asian Games. However, atthis stage sport was not a national concern and belonged to elites, as did education."Yet, gradually, an ever-increasing number of women belonging to the non-devoutupper and middle classes became involved in a diverse range of sports" 575.
Sportsidentified women with modernity, and anti- traditional culture. The traditionalculture, associated with religion, regarded women's unveiled attendance atheterosocial environments as violating the Islamic culture.It is evident that since Pahlavi dynasty, leisure activities disengaged formtraditions and got more involved with sensuous pleasures. Women, as the agents,performing modern leisure activities gain modern identities.
The agents, who inButler's words are the effects of power, at the same time, ensure the sustainabilityof the modern discourse.575See:OfftheBeatenTrack:Women'shttps://smallmedia.org.uk/old/pdf/offthebeatentrack.pdfSportinIran..—Modeofaccess:190Iranian women's Cultural Identity in relation to their Work and Leisure at theCurrent AgeThe number of occupied women in 1976 was 2050.4. It dropped to 1319after Islamic revolution. It indicates that the ideological screening, particularly theimposed compulsory veiling, had filtered out women identified as unviable in theIslamic discourse.
Besides, the accepted religious and veiled women, brought up intraditional families were not prepared for occupation. However, the rate of literatewomen grew from 28.9 percent in 1976 to 40.5 percent in 1986. Shirin Ebadi, thefounder of defenders of human right center in Iran, writes, "There was no pretextleft for the patriarchs to keep their daughters out of school"576. While illiteracy wasa reason impeding women from occupation, the educated female generation hadovercome this blocking, and in 2003, the number of officially occupied womenreached 3540.1577.Iranian constitution acknowledges women's right to have occupations(article 21).
Some researchers believe that the present protective laws for occupiedwomen, however, seem to be more theoretical, failing to improve women'soccupational status578. However, since almost all the university courses arepresented for women, it can be concluded that the professions are attainable aswell. Today many Iranian women have entered unconventional and maledominated professions.576Ebadi. Sh., Moaveni. Iran awakening: a memoir of revolution and hop.
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