Кочетов Сопротивление материалов
Описание файла
PDF-файл из архива "Кочетов Сопротивление материалов", который расположен в категории "". Всё это находится в предмете "сопротивление материалов" из 3 семестр, которые можно найти в файловом архиве МГТУ им. Н.Э.Баумана. Не смотря на прямую связь этого архива с МГТУ им. Н.Э.Баумана, его также можно найти и в других разделах. Архив можно найти в разделе "книги и методические указания", в предмете "сопротивление материалов" в общих файлах.
Просмотр PDF-файла онлайн
Текст из PDF
º¼ÄÀÂÀÉ·ÄÀ´ºÇ²º½ÀÉ·ÄÀ´½·¼Ã²¿¶Â¡²´½·¿¼ÀBa^Zgb__i_j_jZ[hlZggh_b^hiheg_ggh_J_dhf_g^h\Zgh MFH \mah\ JN ih kljhbl_evghfm h[jZah\Zgbx\ dZq_kl\_ mq_[gh]h ihkh[by ^ey klm^_glh\ l_ogbq_kdbo ki_pbZevghkl_ciz rrz «.zzºËºm { zºËºm l { ÈmãËÓ}º k ivº¹¯ºÒmãËÓÒË äÈ˯ÒÈãºm Ë ¹º°ºÒË ã« mϺm Û Ë ÒÏ¹Ë¯Ë¯È Ò º¹ Û v rt{Ë˯¯ Û ° Òã,6%1 ! iã« °ËÓºm mϺm m°Ë² Áº¯ä ºËÓÒ« ¹º °º}¯ÈËÓÓº® Ò ¹ºãÓº® ¹¯º¯Èää˹¯Ë¹ºÈmÈËãË® °¯ËÓÒ² ¹¯ºÁË°°ÒºÓÈãÓ©² ËÓ©² ÏÈmËËÓÒ® äÈÒÓº°¯ºÒËãÓ©²Ò °¯ºÒËãÓ©² °¹ËÒÈãÓº°Ë® Ò ÒÓÎËÓ˯Ӻ˲ÓÒË°}Ò² ¯ÈºÓÒ}ºmiz rrz«" # $ % & ' ( ( ) ) "! !& ) p}È˯ÒÓÈ zºÓ}ºmÈäÒãÈ p¯ËäËËm°}È«¯Òº¯Ò® iºÒÓsÈÈã« iºmãËmÒsÈÈãÒ zȯÈmÈËmº®pãËÓÈ vÈä°ºÓºmÒ{Ò}º¯Ò« Òº¯ºm°}È«jº¯« ¡©¯ãÓÒ}ºmÈsÒ}ºãÈ® m˯°}Ò² K ! "# # $% &' (' )*+,-./0)1 21 3'-./01 4#'4 1 50' '#6 /'61 27 277 77 0 8 539: ; <= 08> ?''4 0! ):/') <?: 71 3'-./01 #1 *+,- ./01.20304 zºËºm { zºËºm l { ÈmãËÓ}º k i |Áº¯äãËÓÒË ÒÏÈËã°mº rt{Ë˯¯ £À¶·Â¸²¿º· j°º¯Ò« ¯ÈÏmÒÒ« ÓÈ}Ò º °º¹¯ºÒmãËÓÒÒ äÈ˯ÒÈãºm sÈ}È º °º¹¯ºÒmãËÓÒÒ äÈ˯ÒÈãºm vÒã© mÓË ÓÒË Ò mÓ¯ËÓÓÒË ºÓ«ÒË º ËÁº¯äÈ Ò«² Ò Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒÒl˺ °Ë ËÓÒ® {Ò © ËÁº¯äÈ Ò®Ò¹ºËÏ© ¹¯ÒäËÓ«Ëä©Ë m ÓÈ}Ë º °º¹¯ºÒmãËÓÒÒ äÈ˯ÒÈãºm zºÓ¯ºã Ó©Ë mº¹¯º°© vÈÒË°}ÒË äºäËÓ© ¹ãºÈÒ ¡ËÓ¯ «ÎË°Ò ¹ãºÈÒ lºäËÓ© ÒÓ˯ÒÒ ¹ãº°}Ò² ÁÒ¯ nº¯äã© ¹Ë¯Ë²ºÈ ã« äºäËÓºm ÒÓ˯ÒÒ¹¯Ò ¹È¯ÈããËãÓºä ¹Ë¯ËÓº°Ë º°Ë® lºäËÓ© ÒÓ˯ÒÒ ¹¯º°Ë®Ò² ˺ä˯ÒË°}Ò² ÁÒ¯ nº¯äã© ¹¯Ëº¯ÈϺmÈÓÒ« äºäËÓºm ÒÓ˯ÒÒ¹¯Ò ¹ºmº¯ºË º°Ë® ÓÈ ºã , ãÈmÓ©Ë º°Ò ãÈmÓ©Ë äºäËÓ© ÒÓ˯ÒÒ cÈÒ° ÒÓ˯ÒÒ wããÒ¹° ÒÓ˯ÒÒ lºäËÓ© °º¹¯ºÒmãËÓÒ« º¯«º} º¹¯ËËãËÓÒ« ãÈmÓ©² äºäËÓºm ÒÓ˯ÒÒcËËÓÒË ¹¯Òä˯ºm zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°© sȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ« Ò ËÁº¯äÈÒÒ ¹¯Ò ¯È°«ÎËÓÒÒ Ò °ÎÈÒÒ ~È}ºÓ }ȺӫÒË º º¹°}ÈËäºä Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒÒ ¯Ò ¯ºÈ ÏÈÈ º¹Ë¯ËÓÈ« ËÁº¯äÈÒ« zºªÁÁÒÒËÓ È°°ºÓÈ£À¶·Â¸²¿º· cÈ° Ë ¯°È ° Ëºä °º°mËÓÓº º mË°È r¯° ¯ÈmÓº º °º¹¯ºÒmãËÓÒ« zºÓ¯ºã Ó©Ë mº¹¯º°© ! "# $ {Ò© Ò°¹©ÈÓÒ® äÈ˯ÒÈãºm j°¹©ÈËãÓ©Ë äÈÒÓ© j°¹©ÈÓÒË ÓÈ ¯È°«ÎËÓÒË iÒȯÈääÈ ¯È°«ÎËÓÒ« j°ÒÓÓÈ« Ò °ãºmÓÈ« ÒȯÈää© Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ® ºËÓÒÈãÓÈ« ªÓ˯ҫ Ò ¯ÈºÈ ËÁº¯äÈÒÒ j°¹©ÈÓÒË äÈ˯ÒÈãºm ÓÈ °ÎÈÒË zºÓËÓ¯ÈÒ« Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ® {©º¯ º¹°}ÈË䩲 Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ® ºãÏË° ãÒËãÓÈ« ¹¯ºÓº°¯ËãÈ}°ÈÒ« Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ® ¹º°ãË°mÒË zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°© % # # # ºÓ«ÒË º °ÈÒË°}Ò Ó˺¹¯ËËãÒ䩲 °Ò°ËäȲ cÈ°Ë °ÈÒË°}Ò Ó˺¹¯ËËãÒ䩲 °Ò°Ëä ¹¯Ò Ë®°mÒÒÓÈ ÓÒ² mÓËÓË® ÓȯÏ}Ò cËËÓÒË °ÈÒË°}Ò Ó˺¹¯ËËãÒ䩲 °Ë¯ÎÓËm©² °Ò°Ëä¹¯Ò mºÏË®°mÒÒ ÓÈ ÓÒ² mÓËÓË® ÓȯÏ}Ò Ëä¹Ë¯È¯©Ò Ó˺Ӻ°Ò ÒϺºmãËÓÒ« °Ë¯ÎÓË® cÈ°Ë °ÈÒË°}Ò Ó˺¹¯ËËãÒ䩲 °Ë¯ÎÓËm©² °Ò°Ëää˺ºä ¯ÈϯÈÒ² ÓȯϺ}Ò ä˺ºä ¹¯ËËãÓ©² °º°º«ÓÒ® zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°© $ # & ' sȹ¯«ÎËÓÓºË °º°º«ÓÒË m º}Ë m˯ºº ËãÈÒÓË®ÓºË Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÓºË °º°º«ÓÒË ãº°}ºË Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÓºË °º°º«ÓÒË |ËäÓºË Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÓºË °º°º«ÓÒË |¹¯Ë ËãËÓÒË ãÈmÓ©² Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ®°ã È® ¹ãº°}º º Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÓº º °º°º«ÓÒ«¯ÈÁÒ Ë°}ºË º¹¯Ë ËãËÓÒË Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ®° ¹ºäº}¯ È lº¯È ¹¯«äÈ« ÏÈ È È|ºËÓÓ©® ÏÈ}ºÓ }Èm ºËä °ã ÈË Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÓº º °º°º«ÓÒ« Ò°©® ° mÒ ~ÈmÒ°Ò亰 äËÎ äº ã«äÒ ¹¯ º°Ò¹Ë¯mº º p Ò mº¯º º ¯º È 4 iËÁº¯äÈ Ò« ªãËäËÓÈ ºËäÈ m ºËä °ã ÈË £À¶·Â¸²¿º· ( ) ºËÓ ÒÈã ÓÈ« ªÓ˯ Ò« ¹¯ º® ËÁº¯äÈ ÒÒ ¹¯Ò °ãºÎÓºäÓȹ¯«ÎËÓÓºä °º°º«ÓÒÒ zºÓ¯ºã Ó©Ë mº¹¯º°© vº°º«ÓÒË mº¹¯º°È ºÓ«ÒË º ÏÈ}ºÓºä˯Ӻ°«² ËÁº¯äÒ¯ºmÈÓÒ«Ò ¯Èϯ ËÓÒ« äÈ˯ÒÈãÈ zãÈ°°Ò Ë°}ÒË Ëº¯ÒÒ ¹¯º Óº°Ò |ºËÓÓÈ« ˺¯Ò« ¹¯Ë Ëã Ó©² °º°º«ÓÒ® ˺¯Ò« lº¯È zºÓ¯ºã Ó©Ë mº¹¯º°© * % % % !( vmÒ ~È}ºÓ }È ¹¯Ò °mÒË sȹ¯«ÎËÓÒË ¹¯Ò °mÒË ºËÓÒÈãÓÈ« ªÓ˯ҫ ¹¯Ò °mÒË v¯ËÏ iº¹°}ÈËä©Ë Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ« ¹¯Ò °mÒË °ãºmÒË ¹¯ºÓº°Ò vä«ÒË cÈ°Ë ÏÈ}ã˹ºÓ©² °ºËÒÓËÓÒ® cÈ°Ë °mȯө² °ºËÒÓËÓÒ® zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°© + $ ºÓ«ÒË º }¯ËÓÒÒ sȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ« Ò ËÁº¯äÈÒÒ ¹¯Ò }¯ËÓÒÒ cÈ°Ë ¯°Ëm }¯ãºº ¹º¹Ë¯ËÓºº °ËËÓÒ«ÓÈ ¹¯ºÓº° Ò ÎË°}º° z¯ËÓÒË °Ë¯ÎÓË® ÓË}¯ãºº ¹º¹Ë¯ËÓºº °ËËÓÒ« ºËÓÒÈãÓÈ« ªÓ˯ҫ ¹¯Ò }¯ËÓÒÒ cÈ°Ë ÓÈ ¹¯ºÓº° ÒãÒÓ¯ÒË°}Ò² mÒÓºm©² ¹¯ÎÒÓ° äÈã©ä Ⱥä zºÓ°¯}ÒmÓ©® ¯È°Ë ¹¯ÎÒÓ© cÈ°Ë }¯ãºº ¯°È ¹º ¯ÈϯÈË® ÓȯÏ}Ë zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°© ' # * ºÓ«ÒË º ¹º¹Ë¯ËÓºä ÒÏÒË{ÓËÓÒË °Òã© Ë®°mÒË ÓÈ Èã}Òº¹º¯© Ò º¹º¯Ó©Ë ¯ËÈ}ÒÒ |¹¯ËËãËÓÒË º¹º¯Ó©² ¯ËÈ}Ò® Ò°©® ÒÏÒ º¹Ë¯ËÓÈ« °ÒãÈÒ ÒÏÒÈÒ® äºäËÓ £À¶·Â¸²¿º· iÒÁÁ˯ËÓ ÒÈã ÓÈ« ÏÈmÒ°Ò亰 äËÎ ¹º¹Ë¯Ë Óº® °Ò㺮 4ÒÏ ÒÈ Òä äºäËÓºä 0 Ò ¯È°¹¯Ë ËãËÓÓº® ÓÈ ¯Ï}º® T˺¯ËäÈ i j y¯Èm°}º º º°¯ºËÓÒË ª¹ ¯ ¹º¹Ë¯Ë Ó©² °ÒãÒ ÒÏ ÒÈ Ò² äºäËÓºm zºÓ¯ºã ¹¯ÈmÒã Óº°Ò ¹º°¯ºËÓÒ« ª¹ ¯ 4 Ò 0 lÓº º¹¯ºãËÓ©Ë °ÈÒ Ë°}Ò º¹¯Ë ËãÒä©Ë Èã}Ò º°¯ºËÓÒË ª¹ ¯ 4 1 Ò 0ã« °ÈÒ Ë°}Ò º¹¯Ë ËãÒ䩲 ¯Èä º°¯ºËÓÒË ª¹ ¯ ã« }¯ÒmºãÒÓˮө² °Ë¯ÎÓË® º°¯ºËÓÒË ª¹ ¯ ¹º¹Ë¯Ë Ó©² Ò ¹¯º ºã Ó©² °Òã}¯«Ò² Ò ÒÏ ÒÈ Ò² äºäËÓºm ã« ¹¯º°¯ÈÓ°mËÓÓ©²°ÈÒ Ë°}Ò º¹¯Ë ËãÒ䩲 °Ò°Ëä zºÓ¯ºã Ó©Ë mº¹¯º°© , |¹¯ËËãËÓÒË Óº¯äÈãÓ©² Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ®¹¯Ò ¹º¹Ë¯ËÓºä ÒÏÒË °ãºmÒË ¹¯ºÓº°Ò |¹¯ËËãËÓÒË }È°ÈËãÓ©² Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ®¹¯Ò ¹º¹Ë¯ËÓºä ÒÏÒË Èã}Ò ¹¯«äººãÓºº °ËËÓÒ«Áº¯äãÈ i j y¯Èm°}ºº °ãºmÒË ¹¯ºÓº°Ò ºãÓÈ« ¹¯ºm˯}È Èãº} ÓÈ ¹¯ºÓº° ºÓ«ÒË º ËÓ¯Ë ÒÏÒÈ ºËÓÒÈãÓÈ« ªÓ˯ҫ ¹¯Ò ¹º¹Ë¯ËÓºä ÒÏÒË cÈ°Ë Èãº} ¹º ¯ÈϯÈË® ÓȯÏ}Ë zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°© iÒÁÁ˯ËÓÒÈãÓºË ¯ÈmÓËÓÒË ÒϺӺ® º°Ò l˺ Ó˹º°¯Ë°mËÓÓºº ÒÓ˯үºmÈÓÒ«ÒÁÁ˯ËÓÒÈãÓºº ¯ÈmÓËÓÒ« l˺ ÓÈÈãÓ©² ¹È¯Èä˯ºm ¯ÈÁºÈÓÈãÒÒË°}Ò® ä˺ º¹¯ËËãËÓÒ« ¹Ë¯ËäËËÓÒ® wÓ˯ËÒË°}Ò® °¹º°º º¹¯ËËãËÓÒ« ¹Ë¯ËäËËÓÒ® ˺¯ËäÈ º mÏÈÒäÓº°Ò ¯Èº ˺¯ËäÈ zÈ°Ëã«Óº ˺¯ËäÈ lÈ}°mËããÈ Û lº¯È ¯ÈmÒ㺠{˯ËÈÒÓÈ zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°© % zº°º® ÒÏÒ |¹¯ËËãËÓÒË ¹Ë¯ËäËËÓÒ® ¹¯Ò }º°ºä ÒÏÒË£À¶·Â¸²¿º·{ÓË ËÓ¯ËÓÓºË °ÎÈÒË ÒãÒ ¯È°«ÎËÓÒ˺ӫÒË º « ¯Ë °Ë ËÓÒ« vºmäË°ÓºË Ë®°mÒË ÒÏ ÒÈ Ò }¯ ËÓÒ« zºÓ¯ºã Ó©Ë mº¹¯º°© ! % # ( ºÓ«ÒË º °ÈÒË°}Ò Ó˺¹¯ËËãÒ䩲 Èã}Ȳ cËËÓÒË ¹¯º°Ë®Ò² °ÈÒË°}Ò Ó˺¹¯ËËãÒ䩲 Èãº} ˺¯ËäÈ º ¯Ë² äºäËÓȲ º¯«º} ¯È°ËÈ Ó˯ÈϯËÏÓ©² Èãº} zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°© % # # ( ºÓ«ÒË º °ÈÒË°}Ò Ó˺¹¯ËËãÒ䩲 ¯ÈäȲ l˺ °Òã º¯«º} ¯È°ËÈ °ÈÒË°}Ò Ó˺¹¯ËËãÒ䩲 ¯Èä j°¹ºãϺmÈÓÒË °mº®°m °Òää˯ÒÒ ¹¯Ò ¯ËËÓÒÒ °ÈÒË°}ÒÓ˺¹¯ËËãÒ䩲 ¯Èä cËËÓÒË Ó˯ÈϯËÏÓ©² Èãº} ä˺ºä °Òã zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°© $ # $ ºÓ«ÒË º }¯Òm©² ¯°«² |¹¯ËËãËÓÒË Óº¯äÈãÓ©² Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ®¹¯Ò Ò°ºä ÒÏÒË }¯Òmºº ¯°È |¹¯ËËãËÓÒË ¹ºãºÎËÓÒ« ÓË®¯ÈãÓºº °ãº«ã« ¹ãº°}Ò² }¯Òm©² ¯°Ëm cÈ°Ë ¹ãº°}Ò² }¯Òm©² ¯°Ëm ÓÈ ¹¯ºÓº° zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°© ( # ( ºÓ«ÒË º °º®Òmºä Ò ÓË°º®Òmºä ¯ÈmÓºmË°Ò«² °Ë¯ÎÓ«z¯ÒÒË°}È« °ÒãÈ nº¯äãÈ w®ãË¯È ã« º¹¯ËËãËÓÒ« }¯ÒÒË°}º® °Òã© ¯ËËã© ¹¯ÒäËÓÒäº°Ò Áº¯äã© w®ãË¯È ¯ººãÓº¹º¹Ë¯ËÓ©® ÒÏÒ zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°© * )# # # # cÈ°Ë ºÓ}º°ËÓÓ©² º°Ë°Òää˯ÒÓ©² °º°ºm cÈ°Ë ºã°º°ËÓÓ©² ÒãÒÓ¯ºm zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°©£À¶·Â¸²¿º· # !' sȹ¯«ÎËÓÒË m ËÈ㫲 }ºÓ°¯}ÒÒmÒÎÒ²°« ¹º°¹ÈËãÓº cÈ°Ë ¯º°È ¯Ïº¹ºËäÓºº °¯º®°mÈ cÈ°Ë m¯ÈÈ˺°« }ºãÈ sȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ« Ò ËÁº¯äÈÒÒ ¹¯Ò È¯Ë sȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ« m©ÏmÈÓÓ©Ë ¹¯ÒäÒ }ºãËÈÓÒ«äÒ °Ò°Ëä© zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°© ' ! {Ò© ¯ÈϯËÓÒ« Ò¹© ¯ËÒÓ iËÁË}© °¯}¯© ËãÈ °¹º°º°mÒË ¯ÈϯËÓÒ Ëº¯ËÒË°}È« Ò Ë²ÓÒË°}È« ¹¯ºÓº°Ò ˺¯Ò« ¯ÒÁÁÒ°È vÒãºmº® }¯Ò˯Ү ¯ÈϯËÓÒ« Û z cÈ°Ë ÓÈ ¹¯ºÓº° äÈ˯ÒÈãºm ° ¯ËÒÓÈäÒ zºÓ¯ºãÓ©Ë mº¹¯º°© - !!° ºÓ«ÒË º °Èãº°Ò äÈ˯ÒÈãÈ tȯÈ}˯ҰÒ}Ò °È㺰Ӻ º ÓÈ ¯ÎËÓÒ«¡Ò}ã© ÓÈ ¯ÎËÓÒ« j°¹©ÈÓÒË äÈ˯ÒÈãºm ÓÈ °È㺰 ¯Ë Ëã m©Óº°ãÒmº°Ò iÒÈ ¯ÈääÈ ¹¯Ë Ëã Ó©² Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ® {ãÒ«ÓÒË ¯ÈÏãÒ Ó©² ÁÈ}º¯ºmÓÈ ¹¯Ë Ëã m©Óº°ãÒmº°Ò äÈ˯ÒÈãÈ iÒÈ ¯ÈääÈ °È㺰Ӻ® ¹¯º Óº°Ò|¹¯Ë ËãËÓÒË }ºªÁÁÒ ÒËÓÈ ÏÈ¹È°È QU zºÓ¯ºã Ó©Ë mº¹¯º°© .
!(ºãÓÈ« }¯ÒmÈ« °Èãº°Ò j°¹©ÈËã Ó©Ë äÈ ÒÓ© ÓÈ äÈ㺠Ò}ãºm °È㺰 j°¹©ÈÓÒ« ÓÈ äÈ㺠Ò}ãºm °È㺰 |°Óºm© ä˺ ºm ¯È° ËÈ ÓÈ äÈ㺠Ò}ãºm °È㺰 zºÓ¯ºã Ó©Ë mº¹¯º°© % ! ºã}Ò ¯ÈmÓºº}ÒË |v Ü ºã}Ò Ó˯ÈmÓºº}ÒË |v Ü rÈã}Ò mÈm¯ºm©Ë |v Ü bmËãã˯© |v Ü £À¶·Â¸²¿º· # # / # # & .
# ! . # / . # # / . $ . / . ( . # # * . 0&&# # ## # / . ' 1# # # , +0&&# 2 3%4% # # '((*$(¡Â·¶ºÃ½À´º·¼Ä·Äη¾Åº¹¶²¿ºÐBa^Zgbx ^Zggh]h mq_[gh]h ihkh[by ih dmjkm Khijhlb\e_gb_ fZl_jbZeh\ij_^r_kl\h\Zeh ^\Z ba^Zgby mq_[gh]h ihkh[by ih wlhfm `_ dmjkmI_j\h_ ba^Zgb_ k ]jbnhf Fbg\maZ KKKJ \ureh lbjZ`hf luk wda_fieyjh\\ ba^Zl_evkl\_ Jhklh\kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ \ ] Him[ebdh\Zggh_ mq_[gh_ihkh[b_ [ueh i_j_jZ[hlZgh ^hiheg_gh b ih^]hlh\e_gh d i_j_ba^Zgbx l d\ ba^Zl_evkl\h J=M ihklmibeh luk aZy\hd gZ dgb]m gh \ k\yab k jZa\_jgm\r_cky i_j_kljhcdhc i_j_ba^Zgb_ dgb]b g_ khklhyehkvIjbqbghc kijhkZ gZ dgb]m \ kljZg_ ihkem`beh [hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h klm^_glh\aZhqgbdh\ b \_q_jgbdh\ ^ey dhlhjuo g_ o\ZlZeh ihkh[by ^hklZlhqgh ijhklh]h\ l_hj_lbq_kdhf ieZg_ b gZiheg_ggh]h jZah[jZggufb lbih\ufb aZ^ZqZfb ih dmjkm \ hlebqb_ hl nmg^Zf_glZevguo mq_[gbdh\ lZdbo Z\lhjh\ dZd < B N_h^hkv_\G F ;_ey_\ ]jmiiu Z\lhjh\ \h ]eZ\_ k = K IbkZj_gdh<lhjhc ijbqbghc ihkem`beb k_fbgZju b ]] ijh\h^b\rb_ky \ Fhkd\_Fbgbkl_jkl\hf \ukr_]h b kj_^g_]h ki_pbZevgh]h h[jZah\Zgby JKNKJgZ dhlhjuo hlf_qZehkv qlh \ kms_kl\mxsbo mq_[gbdZo b ihkh[byo ih dmjkmg_ hk\_s_gu jZa^_eu h f_oZgbd_ jZajmr_gby b fZehpbdeh\hc mklZehklb>Zggh_ ba^Zgb_ [ueh i_j_jZ[hlZgh b ^hiheg_gh < L Dhq_lh\uf \ khZ\lhjkl\_k ^hp_glhf dZn_^ju h[s_bg`_g_jguo ^bkpbiebg :jfZ\bjkdh]h f_oZgbdhl_ogheh]bq_kdh]h bgklblmlZ Dm[Zgkdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h l_ogheh]bq_kdh]hmgb\_jkbl_lZ : > IZ\e_gdh b klZjrbf ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_f F < Dhq_lh\ufb \ ] \ureh \ k\_l ih^ ]jbnhf MFH \mah\ JN ih kljhbl_evghfm h[jZah\Zgbx \ ba^Zl_evkl\_ N_gbdk Jhklh\gZ>hgmLsZl_evgh bamqb\ ijbf_jgmx ijh]jZffm jZajZ[hlZggmx Fbgbkl_jkl\hfh[jZah\Zgby JN dhlhjZy [ueZ him[ebdh\ZgZ b h^h[j_gZ \ b ]]Z\lhju ih^]hlh\beb hq_j_^gh_ lj_lv_ ba^Zgb_ dgb]bIhkh[b_ khklhbl ba ]eZ\ b jZkkqblZgh gZ ql_gb_ dmjkZ \ ^\Z k_f_kljZ\ dZ`^hf ba dhlhjuo ij_^iheZ]Z_lky bamqblv ]eZ\ < dgb]_ jZkkfZljb\ZxlkyX h[sb_ ihgylbyX ]_hf_ljbq_kdb_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb iehkdbo k_q_gbc¡Â·¶ºÃ½À´º· ¼ Ä·Äη¾Å º¹¶²¿ºÐX jZkly`_gb_ b k`Zlb_X bkiulZgb_ fZl_jbZeh\X klZlbq_kdb g_hij_^_ebfu_ kl_j`g_\u_ kbkl_fuX hkgh\u l_hjbb gZijy`_ggh]h b ^_nhjfbjh\Zggh]h khklhygbyX l_hjby ijhqghklbX k^\b] kj_a kfylb_X djmq_gb_X ihi_j_qguc ba]b[X gZijy`_gby ijb ihi_j_qghf ba]b[_X hij_^_e_gb_ i_j_f_s_gbc ijb ihi_j_qghf ba]b[_X keh`gh_ khijhlb\e_gb_X klZlbq_kdb g_hij_^_ebfu_ [ZedbX klZlbq_kdb g_hij_^_ebfu_ jZfuX iehkdb_ djb\u_ [jmkvyX ijh^hevguc ba]b[X lhgdhkl_ggu_ khkm^u b lheklhkl_ggu_ pbebg^juX jZkq_lu gZ ijhqghklv ijb \ha^_ckl\bb ^bgZfbq_kdbo gZ]jmahdX ihgylb_ h f_oZgbd_ jZajmr_gbyX mklZehklv fZl_jbZeZX fZehpbdeh\Zy mklZehklv fZl_jbZeZIhkh[b_ jZkkqblZgh gZ \k_ bg`_g_jgu_ ki_pbZevghklb gh hkh[_ggh [m^_lihe_agh klm^_glZf kljhbl_evguo ki_pbZevghkl_c:\lhju ijbghkyl ]em[hdmx [eZ]h^Zjghklv khljm^gbdZf dZn_^ju Kljhbl_evgZyf_oZgbdZ b khijhlb\e_gb_ fZl_jbZeh\ Dm[Zgkdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h l_ogheh]bq_kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ khljm^gbdZf dZn_^ju Khijhlb\e_gb_ fZl_jbZeh\ KZgdlI_l_j[mj]kdh]h l_ogbq_kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ Z lZd`_ dZn_^ju FZl_jbZeh\_^_gb_:jfZ\bjkdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h i_^Z]h]bq_kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ ijhqblZ\rbfdgb]m \ jmdhibkb b k^_eZ\rbf jy^ p_gguo aZf_gqZgbc:\lhju [eZ]h^Zjyl khljm^gbdh\ dZn_^ju h[s_bg`_g_jguo ^bkpbiebg :jfZ\bjkdh]h f_oZgbdhl_ogheh]bq_kdh]h bgklblmlZ Dm[Zgkdh]h ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hl_ogheh]bq_kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ aZ ihfhsv hdZaZggmx ijb ih^]hlh\d_ dgb]bd i_j_ba^Zgbx:\lhju [m^ml ijbagZl_evgu dhee_dlb\Zf hl^_evguf ebpZf aZ [eZ]h`_eZl_evgu_ aZf_qZgby dhlhju_ [m^ml mql_gu ijb hq_j_^ghf i_j_ba^Zgbb dgb]b:\lhju½²´² ³Ëº·ÁÀ¿ÑĺÑÃÄÀºÑ²¹´ºÄºÑ¿²Å¼ºÀÃÀÁÂÀĺ´½·¿ºº¾²Ä·Âº²½À´DZd lhevdh q_eh\_d gZqZe aZgbfZlvky kljhbl_evkl\hf hg m[_^beky \ g_h[oh^bfhklb jZkiheZ]Zlv k\_^_gbyfb h khijhlb\e_gbb fZl_jbZeh\ gZ hkgh\_dhlhjuo fh`gh [ueh [u \u[bjZlv gZ^_`gu_ jZaf_ju qZkl_c khhjm`_gbyM`_ \ >j_\g_f ?]bil_ b =j_pbb ex^b fh]eb hij_^_eylv p_glj ly`_klbihevah\Zebkv juqZ]hf< i_jbh^ kj_^g_\_dh\vy fgh]b_ agZgby [ueb mljZq_gu b ebrv \ wihom<hajh`^_gby aZ^Zqb f_oZgbdb b klZlbdb klZeb mki_rgh j_rZlvky Kj_^b[e_klys_]h kha\_a^by mq_guo wlh]h i_jbh^Z \u^_ey_lky E_hgZj^h ^Z <bgqbdhlhjuc m`_ mf_e ihevah\Zlvky ijZ\behf iZjZee_eh]jZffZbkiulu\Ze ijh\hehdm gZ jZaju\ jZkkqblu\Ze [Zedb gZ ^\mo hihjZoI_j\u_ ihiuldb mklZgh\e_gby [_ahiZkguo jZaf_jh\ we_f_glh\ khhjm`_gbcZgZeblbq_kdbf iml_f hlghkylky d\ < dgb]_ = =Zebe_y;_k_^u b fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ ^hdZaZl_evkl\Z dZkZxsb_ky ^\mo gh\uo hljZke_cgZmdb hlghkysboky d f_oZgbd_ b f_klghfm ^\b`_gbx k^_eZgZ ihiuldZijb\_klb ba\_klgu_ _fm f_lh^u ZgZebaZ gZijy`_gbc \ eh]bq_kdmx kbkl_fmWlZ dgb]Z agZf_gm_l kh[hc \hagbdgh\_gb_ gZmdb h ijhqghklb l _ khijhlb\e_gbb fZl_jbZeh\ =Zebe__f bamqZebkv dhgkhevgu_ b ^\moijhe_lgu_ [Zedb\_ebkv bkiulZgby fZl_jbZeh\ gZ jZaju\ ijb kljhbl_evkl\_ khhjm`_gbc hgmqblu\Ze bo kh[kl\_gguc \_k J_rZy aZ^Zqb f_oZgbdb =Zebe_c m`_ \ lh\j_fy ihevah\Zeky ijbgpbihf \bjlmZevguo \hafh`guo i_j_f_s_gbc\ [ue wihohc [ukljh]h jZa\blby fZl_fZlbdb Zkljhghfbb _kl_kl\_gguo gZmd Mq_gu_ gZqZeb ijh\h^blv wdki_jbf_glu gh ihkdhevdm mgb\_jkbl_lu gZoh^bebkv ih^ dhgljhe_f p_jd\b klZeb h[jZah\u\Zlvky gZmqgu_±;9,,±;9,,½²´² h[s_kl\Z dhlhju_ \ ^Zevg_cr_f j_hj]Zgbah\u\Zebkv \ ZdZ^_fbb gZmdLZd [ueb hkgh\Zgu ZdZ^_fbb \ Jbf_ <_g_pbb Ehg^hg_ IZjb`_ ;_jebg_ b\] \ I_l_j[mj]_ <k_ ZdZ^_fbb ba^Z\Zeb gZmqgu_ ljm^u qlh iha\heyeh mq_guf jZaebqguo kljZg ke_^blv aZ jZ[hlZfb ^jm] ^jm]Z<] \ureZ ba i_qZlb dgb]Z J =mdZH \hkklZgh\bl_evghckihkh[ghklb beb h[ mijm]hklb \ dhlhjhc [ue knhjfmebjh\Zg agZf_gblucaZdhg h ebg_cghf khhlghr_gbb f_`^m kbehc b ^_nhjfZpb_c <] \ Jhkkbx ih bgbpbZlb\_ I_ljZ [ue ijb]eZr_g \ I_l_j[mj]kdmx ZdZ^_fbx gZmdfheh^hc r\_cpZjkdbc mq_guc E Wce_j\ ^Zevg_cr_f ijhkeZ\b\rbc jmkkdmx gZmdm ljm^Zfb \ h[eZklb fZl_fZlbdb f_oZgbdb b khijhlb\e_gby fZl_jbZeh\ G_him[ebdh\Zggu_ ljm^u Wce_jZ i_qZlZebkv \ l_q_gb_e_l ihke_ _]h kf_jlb JZajZ[hlZggZy bf l_hjby mklhcqb\hklb kl_j`g_cbkihevam_lky b k_cqZkI_j\Zy dgb]Z ih khijhlb\e_gbx fZl_jbZeh\ [ueZ him[ebdh\ZgZ njZgpmakdbf mq_guf : GZ\v_Dgb]Z \u^_j`ZeZ ljb ba^Zgby lj_lv_ihkf_jlgh_ j_^Zdlbjh\Zehkv K_g <_gZghf b [ueh \uims_gh \] ku]jZeZ [hevrmx jhev \ jZa\blbb gZmdb h ijhqghklb _x ihevah\Zebkv \ l_q_gb_ \_dZAgZqbl_evguc \deZ^ \ gZmdm h khijhlb\e_gbb fZl_jbZeh\ \g_keb@ E EZ]jZg` R H Dmehg L Xg] H E Dhrb K > ImZkkhg = EZf_; I W DeZi_cjhg EZf_ b DeZi_cjhg ^ebl_evgh_ \j_fy jZ[hlZeb \ Jhkkbb[ueb hkgh\Zl_eyfb I_l_j[mj]kdh]h bgklblmlZ iml_c khh[s_gby;mjguc jhkl ijhfure_gghklb \\ \g_^j_gb_ iZjh\uo fZrbg kljhbl_evkl\h `_e_aguo ^hjh] fhklh\ iehlbg dZgZeh\ b [hevrbo km^h\ \ua\Zeb_s_ [he__ [ukljh_ jZa\blb_ gZmdb h ijhqghklb <Z`gu_ bkke_^h\Zgby [uebijh\_^_gu jmkkdbfb mq_gufb F < Hkljh]jZ^kdbf > B @mjZ\kdbf: < =Z^hebgufK =heh\bguf < E Dbjibq_\uf B = ;m[gh\ufK I Lbfhr_gdh N K Ykbgkdbf b ^j < h[eZklb bkiulZgby fZl_jbZeh\ bkdexqbl_evgh_ agZq_gb_ bf_eb jZ[hlu g_f_pdbo mq_guo <ze_jZ b ;Zmrbg]_jZ hkgh\hiheh`gbdh\ bkiulZgbc gZ \ughkeb\hklv b jmkkdh]h mq_gh]hG : ;_e_ex[kdh]hGZb[hevr__ jZa\blb_ gZmdZ h khijhlb\e_gbb fZl_jbZeh\ ihemqbeZ \\\ Jhkkbb b aZ jm[_`hf \ k\yab k jZa\blb_f Z\bZpbb djmighlhggZ`gh]h nehlZ Zlhfgh]h wg_j]hkljh_gby jZd_lghc b dhkfbq_kdhc l_ogbdb < gZr_ckljZg_ gZmdZ h khijhlb\e_gbb fZl_jbZeh\ klZeZ [mjgh jZa\b\Zlvky \ dhgp_\ b \ l_q_gb_\ \f_kl_ k jZkrbj_gb_f k_lb \ukrbo l_ogbq_kdbomq_[guo aZ\_^_gbc gZmqgh bkke_^h\Zl_evkdbo b ijh_dlguo bgklblmlh\<Z`gu_ bkke_^h\Zgby \ wlhl i_jbh^ ijh\_^_gu : G Djueh\uf Z\lhjhfl_hjbb g_ihlhiey_fhklb dhjZ[ey < < <eZkh\uf Z\lhjhf l_hjbb jZkq_lZ ²± ,±±;,;;;;;,;;; ³Ëº· ÁÀ¿ÑĺÑlhgdhkl_gguo kl_j`g_c ; = =Ze_jdbguf D K AZ\jb_\uf G F ;_ey_\uf; G @_fhqdbguf : : MfZgkdbf K > IhghfZj_\uf G B ;_amoh\uf b^jm]bfb ba\_klgufb mq_gufb Ba aZjm[_`guo bkke_^h\Zl_e_c ke_^m_l hlf_lblv Zg]ebckdh]h mq_gh]h : =jbnnblkZ Z\lhjZ nmg^Zf_glZevghc l_hjbbjZa\blby lj_sbgu dhlhjZy bf__l qj_a\uqZcgh \Z`gh_ agZq_gb_ gZ kh\j_f_gghf wlZi_ jZa\blby l_ogbdb Hiulu =jbnnblkZ ihkem`beb hkgh\hc ^ey\\_^_gby \ ijZdlbdm dhwnnbpb_glZ \yadhklb jZajmr_gby .<u^Zxsb_ky jmkkdb_ mq_gu_ gZr_]h \j_f_gb : : Bevxrbg E B K_^h\G B Fmko_ebr\beb < < Gh\h`beh\ < < ;hehlbg B N H[jZaph\: N Kfbjgh\ X G JZ[hlgh\ K < K_j_gk_g = K IbkZj_gdh X B Y]gY ; Njb^fZg < B N_h^hkv_\ < K B\Zgh\Z lZd`_ \g_keb [hevrhc \deZ^\ jZa\blb_ gZmdb h ijhqghklbk²Å¼²ÀÃÀÁÂÀĺ´½·¿ºº¾²Ä·Âº²½À´Khijhlb\e_gb_ fZl_jbZeh\ \Z`gZy h[s_bg`_g_jgZy gZmdZ g_h[oh^bfZy^ey bg`_g_jZ ex[hc ki_pbZevghklb ;_a nmg^Zf_glZevguo agZgbc \ wlhc h[eZklb g_\hafh`gh kha^Zgb_ jZaebqguo fZrbg b bg`_g_jgh l_ogbq_kdbo khhjm`_gbcQlh `_ wlh aZ gZmdZ Q_f hgZ aZgbfZ_lky DZdb_ aZ^Zqb j_rZ_lKhijhlb\e_gb_ fZl_jbZeh\ ² wlh gZmdZ h[ bg`_g_jguo f_lh^Zo jZkq_lZ gZijhqghklv `_kldhklv b mklhcqb\hklv we_f_glh\ khhjm`_gbc b ^_lZe_c fZrbgIh^ ijhqghklvx ihgbfZ_lky kihkh[ghklv we_f_glh\ dhgkljmdpbb beb ^_lZe_c fZrbg \u^_j`b\Zlv hij_^_e_ggmx gZ]jmadm g_ jZajmrZykvIh^ `_kldhklvx ihgbfZ_lky kihkh[ghklv we_f_glh\ dhgkljmdpbb beb ^_lZe_c fZrbg ijhlb\hklhylv \g_rgbf gZ]jmadZf ijb h]jZgbq_gguo ^_nhjfZpbyo Ijb aZ^Zgguo gZ]jmadZo ^_nhjfZpbb g_ ^he`gu ij_\urZlv hij_^_e_gghc \_ebqbgu mklZgZ\eb\Z_fhc \ khhl\_lkl\bb k lj_[h\Zgbyfbij_^ty\ey_fufb d dhgkljmdpbbMklhcqb\hklvx gZau\Z_lky kihkh[ghklv we_f_glZ dhgkljmdpbb khojZgylvhij_^_e_ggmx gZqZevgmx nhjfm mijm]h]h jZ\gh\_kbyIjb j_r_gbb wlbo lj_o hkgh\guo aZ^Zq khijhlb\e_gb_ fZl_jbZeh\ hkgh\u\Z_lky gZ l_hj_lbq_kdbo b hiulguo ^Zgguo bf_xsbo ^ey gZmdb h^bgZdh\h \Z`gh_ agZq_gb_ L_hj_lbq_kdZy qZklv khijhlb\e_gby fZl_jbZeh\ [Zabjm_lky gZl_hj_lbq_kdhc f_oZgbd_ b fZl_fZlbd_ Z wdki_jbf_glZevgZy gZ nbabd_b fZl_jbZeh\_^_gbbQlh[u dhgkljmdpby hl\_qZeZ lj_[h\Zgbyf ijhqghklb `_kldhklb b mklhcqb\hklb l _ [ueZ gZ^_`ghc \ wdkiemZlZpbb b wdhghfbqghc __ we_f_glu²"""²½²´² ^he`gu bf_lv jZpbhgZevgmx nhjfm b jZaf_ju ^ey q_]h g_h[oh^bfh agZlvk\hckl\Z fZl_jbZeZ ba dhlhjh]h dhgkljmdpby [m^_l ba]hlh\e_gZM\_ebq_gb_ jZaf_jh\ dhgkljmdpbb g_ \k_]^Z ijb\h^bl d ih\ur_gbx ijhqghklb l d ijb wlhf ih\urZ_lky __ \_k Z \ kemqZ_ ^\b`msboky ^_lZe_c\hajZklZxl kbeu bg_jpbb Ijb ijh_dlbjh\Zgbb g_h[oh^bfh mqblu\Zlv dZdl_ogheh]bq_kdb_ lZd b wdhghfbq_kdb_ nZdlhju ihkdhevdm fZrbgu beb khhjm`_gby ^he`gu [ulv ijhqgufb b gZ^_`gufb \ wdkiemZlZpbb b \ lh `_\j_fy e_]dbfb b ^_r_\ufbMqblu\Zy [hevrh_ jZaghh[jZab_ dhgkljmdlb\guo nhjf we_f_glh\ dhgkljmdpbc b ^_lZe_c fZrbg \klj_qZxsboky gZ ijZdlbd_ \ khijhlb\e_gbb fZl_jbZeh\ jZkkfZljb\Zxlky q_luj_ ijhkluo l_eZ [jmk beb kl_j`_gv h[hehqdZ ieZklbgdZ b fZkkb\gh_ l_eh;jmkhf beb kl_j`g_f gZau\Z_lky l_eh ijh^hevgu_ jZaf_ju dhlhjh]h agZqbl_evgh ij_\urZxl _]h ihi_j_qgu_ jZaf_ju Ijbf_jhf fh]ml kem`blv[Zedb \Zeu beb hkb we_f_glu n_jf b l iH[hehqdZ ² wlh l_eh h]jZgbq_ggh_ djb\hebg_cgufb ih\_joghklyfb jZkiheh`_ggufb gZ [ebadhf jZkklhygbb ^jm] hl ^jm]Z Ih k\h_c nhjf_ h[hehqdbfh]ml [ulv kn_jbq_kdb_ pbebg^jbq_kdb_ dhgbq_kdb_ D h[hehqdZf hlghkylky jZaebqgh]h jh^Z j_a_j\mZju dhleu dmiheZ a^Zgbc dhjimkZ ih^\h^guoeh^hd h[rb\dZ nxa_ey`Z kZfhe_lZ b l iIeZklbgdZ ² wlh we_f_gl dhgkljmdpbb kj_^bggZy ih\_joghklv dhlhjh]hij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc iehkdhklv Ijbf_jhf fh]ml kem`blv djurb b ^gbsZ j_a_j\mZjh\ i_j_djulby a^Zgbc jZaebqgu_ ^bkdb b l iFZkkb\gu_ l_eZ ² wlh l_eZ m dhlhjuo \k_ ljb jZaf_jZ h^gh]h ihjy^dZD gbf hlghkylky nmg^Zf_glu khhjm`_gbc ih^ihjgu_ kl_gdb b l i< khijhlb\e_gbb fZl_jbZeh\ aZ^Zqb dZd ijZ\beh j_rZxlky ijhklufb fZl_fZlbq_kdbfb f_lh^Zfb k ijb\e_q_gb_f jy^Z mijhs_gguo ]bihl_a b wdki_jbf_glZevguo ^Zgguo J_r_gby ijb wlhf ^h\h^ylky ^h jZkq_lguo nhjfmeijb]h^guo ^ey ijbf_g_gby \ bg`_g_jghc ijZdlbd_²²£º½Í´¿·Ê¿º·º´¿ÅÄ·¿¿º·GZ we_f_glu dhgkljmdpbc beb ^_lZe_c fZrbg ^_ckl\mxl jZaebqgu_ \g_rgb_kbeu Hgb fh]ml [ulv eb[h h[t_fgufb kh[kl\_gguc \_k eb[h kbeZfb\aZbfh^_ckl\by f_`^m jZkkfZljb\Z_fuf we_f_glhf b khk_^gbf beb wlbfwe_f_glhf b ijbe_]Zxs_c d g_fm kj_^hc \h^Z \ha^mo iZj Ih oZjZdl_jm^_ckl\by hgb ih^jZa^_eyxlky gZ klZlbq_kdb_ b ^bgZfbq_kdb_KlZlbq_kdb_ gZ]jmadb ijbeZ]Zxlky d dhgkljmdpbb ihkl_i_ggh hgb beb g_f_gyxlky beb f_gyxlky g_agZqbl_evgh Ijb i_j_^Zq_ klZlbq_kdbo gZ]jmahd ³Ëº· ÁÀ¿ÑĺÑgZ dhgkljmdpbx \k_ __ qZklb gZoh^ylky \ jZ\gh\_kbb mkdhj_gby we_f_glh\dhgkljmdpbb hlkmlkl\mxl beb gZklhevdh fZeu qlh bfb fh`gh ij_g_[j_qvIjbf_jhf fh]ml kem`blv gZ]jmadb ^_ckl\mxsb_ gZ ]jZ`^Zgkdb_ beb ]b^jhl_ogbq_kdb_ khhjm`_gby>bgZfbq_kdb_ kbeu gZ]jmadb ² wlh kbeu ijb ^_ckl\bb dhlhjuo \ we_f_glZodhgkljmdpbb ihy\eyxlky mkdhj_gby >bgZfbq_kdb_ kbeu ih^jZa^_eyxlky gZ \g_aZigh ijbeh`_ggu_ ih\lhjgh i_j_f_ggu_ b m^Zjgu_ Ijbf_jhf \g_aZigh ijbeh`_gghc gZ]jmadb fh`_l kem`blv ^_ckl\b_ \_kZ `_e_agh^hjh`gh]h khklZ\Zijhoh^ys_]h q_j_a fhkl ih\lhjgh i_j_f_gghc gZ]jmadZ gZ rZlmg \ ^\b]Zl_e_\gmlj_gg_]h k]hjZgby m^Zjghc ^_ckl\b_ kbeu m^ZjZ fhehlZ gZ _]h nmg^Zf_glbeb ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc m^Zj \ ]b^jhkbkl_f_Ih oZjZdl_jm ijbeh`_gby \g_rgb_ kbeu ih^jZa^_eyxlky gZ khkj_^hlhq_ggu_ b jZkij_^_e_ggu_Khkj_^hlhq_ggufb gZau\Zxlky kbeu dhlhju_ i_j_^Zxlky gZ we_f_gl dhgkljmdpbb q_j_a [_kdhg_qgh fZeu_ iehsZ^db GZijbf_j ^_ckl\b_ \_kZ we_dljh\haZ gZ j_evku b l iJZkij_^_e_ggu_ kbeu ² wlh kbeu ^_ckl\mxsb_ gZ _^bgbpm ^ebgu beb _^bgbpm iehsZ^b dhgkljmdpbb Ijbf_jhf fh`_l kem`blv kh[kl\_gguc \_k [Zedb ^_ckl\b_ kg_]h\hc beb \_ljh\hc gZ]jmadb gZ khhjm`_gb_Ih \j_f_gb ^_ckl\by \g_rgb_ gZ]jmadb kbeu jZa^_eyxlky gZ ihklhyggu_ b\j_f_ggu_ Kh[kl\_gguc \_k a^Zgby wlh ihklhyggh ^_ckl\mxsZy gZ]jmadZih_a^ b^msbc q_j_a fhkl wlh gZ]jmadZ \j_f_ggZyIjb ^_ckl\bb \g_rgbo kbe gZ we_f_gl dhgkljmdpbb \ k_q_gbyo we_f_glZ \hagbdZxl ijhlb\h^_ckl\mxsb_ kbeu ihemqb\rb_ gZa\Zgb_ \gmlj_ggbo kbemijm]hklb Wlb kbeu khijhlb\eyxlky klj_fe_gbx \g_rgbo kbe jZajmrblvwe_f_gl dhgkljmdpbb baf_gblv _]h nhjfm hl^_eblv h^gm qZklv hl ^jm]hc>ey hp_gdb ^_ckl\by \g_rgbo kbe gZ we_f_gl dhgkljmdpbb g_h[oh^bfh gZmqblvky hij_^_eylv \_ebqbgm \gmlj_ggbo kbe mijm]hklb qlh fh`_l [ulv hkms_kl\e_gh k ihfhsvx f_lh^Z k_q_gbc dhlhjuc [m^_l jZkkfhlj_g ^Ze__²²² ²¡À¿Ñĺ·À¶·ÆÀ¾²ÈºÑǺ¿²ÁÂѸ·¿ºº< hlebqb_ hl l_hj_lbq_kdhc f_oZgbdb ]^_ ZgZebabjmxlky Z[khexlgh l\_j^u_ l_eZ \ khijhlb\e_gbb fZl_jbZeh\ jZkkfZljb\Zxlky j_Zevgu_ l_eZ h[eZ^Zxsb_ l_fb beb bgufb ijhqghklgufb ^hklhbgkl\Zfb b g_^hklZldZfbWdki_jbf_glZevgh b l_hj_lbq_kdb mklZgh\e_gh qlh dZd [u l\_j^h gb [uehl_eh ijb ^_ckl\bb gZ g_]h \g_rgbo kbe hgh baf_gy_l k\hb jZaf_ju b nhjfmb fh`_l jZajmrblvky Wlh baf_g_gb_ ghkbl h[s__ gZa\Zgb_ ^_nhjfZpbb½²´² >_nhjfZpby l_eZ l_kgh k\yaZgZ k _]h nbabq_kdbfb k\hckl\Zfb ;hevrbgkl\hfZl_jbZeh\ ijbf_gy_fuo \ fZrbghkljh_gbb b kljhbl_evkl\_ h[eZ^Zxlh^gbf b l_f `_ hq_gv \Z`guf k\hckl\hf l_eZ \uiheg_ggu_ ba wlbo fZl_jbZeh\ ih^ ^_ckl\b_f ijbeh`_gguo d gbf kbe ^_nhjfbjmxlky gh ihke_m^Ze_gby \g_rgbo kbe \hkklZgZ\eb\Zxl k\hx i_j\hgZqZevgmx nhjfm Kihkh[ghklv l_eZ \hkklZgZ\eb\Zlv k\hx i_j\hgZqZevgmx nhjfm ihke_ m^Ze_gby\g_rgbo kbe gZau\Z_lky mijm]hklvxKe_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh l_eh fh`_l b g_ \hkklZgh\blv k\hx i_j\hgZqZevgmxnhjfm _keb ^_ckl\mxsb_ gZ g_]h kbeu ij_\ahc^ml g_dhlhjuc ij_^_e< wlhf kemqZ_ ihke_ kgylby \g_rg_c gZ]jmadb \ l_e_ ihy\eyxlky lZd gZau\Z_fu_ hklZlhqgu_ ^_nhjfZpbb < k\yab k l_f qlh \ gZklhys__ \j_fy fgh]b_dhgkljmdpbb ijb bo wdkiemZlZpbb bkiulu\Zxl [hevrb_ gZ]jmadb nxa_ey`kZfhe_lZ dhjimk kmi_jlZgd_jZ h[hehqdZ Zlhfgh]h j_ZdlhjZ b l i bamq_gbxhklZlhqguo ^_nhjfZpbc ijb^Z_lky bkdexqbl_evgh [hevrh_ agZq_gb_JZkkfZljb\Zy mijm]mx b ieZklbq_kdmx ^_nhjfZpbb k ihabpbc f_`Zlhfguok\ya_c fh`gh hlf_lblv ke_^mxs__X _keb ih^ ^_ckl\b_f \g_rgbo kbe jZkkfZljb\Z_fuc Zlhf i_j_f_sZ_lkyg_ [he__ q_f gZ iheh\bgm f_`Zlhfgh]h jZkklhygby X ZjbkZlh ihke_ kgylby \g_rg_c gZ]jmadb hg \_jg_lky \ i_j\hgZqZevgh_ iheh`_gb_ \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ kjZ[Zlu\Zxl \gmlj_ggb_ mijm]b_ kbeu Wlh b _klvmijm]Zy ^_nhjfZpby [Z X _keb jZkkfZljb\Z_fuc Zlhf i_j_f_klblky [he__ q_f gZ iheh\bgm f_`Zlhfgh]h jZkklhygby X Zlh ihke_ kgylby \g_rg_c gZ]jmadb hg g_\_jg_lky \ ij_`g__ iheh`_gb_ Z aZcf_l f_klh jy^hf \ khk_^g_f mae_jbk[ < wlhf kemqZ_ gZ[ex^Z_lky hklZlhqgZy ^_nhjfZpby l _bf_xl f_klh g_h[jZlbfu_ i_j_f_s_gby h^gbo keh_\ Zlhfh\ hlghkbl_evgh! ³Ëº· ÁÀ¿ÑĺÑ^jm]bo >ey lh]h qlh[u qbke_ggh oZjZdl_jbah\Zlv kl_i_gv \ha^_ckl\by\g_rgbo kbe gZ ^_nhjfbjh\Zgguc we_f_gl \\h^blky ihgylb_ gZijy`_gby GZijy`_gb_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc bgl_gkb\ghklv ^_ckl\by \gmlj_ggbokbe ijboh^ysboky gZ _^bgbpm iehsZ^b \u^_e_ggmx \ dZdhc eb[h lhqd_jZkkfZljb\Z_fh]h k_q_gby·ÄÀ¶Ã·É·¿º»Ijb ^_ckl\bb gZ l_eh \g_rgbo kbe \ g_f \hagbdZxl \gmlj_ggb_ kbeu mijm]hklb <g_rgb_ kbeu ^_nhjfbjmxl l_eh \gmlj_ggb_ kbeu mijm]hklb klj_fylky khojZgblv i_j\hgZqZevgmx nhjfm b h[t_f l_eZ l _ klj_fylky mgbqlh`blv ihemq_ggmx l_ehf ^_nhjfZpbxIjb j_r_gbb aZ^Zq khijhlb\e_gby fZl_jbZeh\ g_h[oh^bfh agZlv \gmlj_ggb_kbeu mijm]hklb b ^_nhjfZpbb l_eZ >ey hij_^_e_gby \gmlj_ggbo kbe mijm]hklb \ dZdhf eb[h k_q_gbb l_eZ ihevamxlky f_lh^hf k_q_gbcZ[ <havf_f g_dh_ mijm]h_ l_eh gZoh^ys__ky \ khklhygbb jZ\gh\_kby ih^ ^_ckl\b_f kbkl_fu kbe J JJQ jbkZ JZkk_q_f fuke_ggh wlh l_ehijhba\hevghc iehkdhklvx b gZ hkgh\Zgbb Zdkbhfu klZlbdb h jZ\_gkl\_ ^_ckl\by b ijhlb\h^_ckl\by jZkkfhljbf h^gm ba hlk_q_gguo qZkl_c \ khklhygbbjZ\gh\_kby ih^ ^_ckl\b_f \g_rgbo b \gmlj_ggbo kbe mijm]hklb kqblZy hlk_q_ggmx qZklv kZfhklhyl_evguf l_ehf d dhlhjhfm fh`gh ijbf_gblv mkeh\by jZ\gh\_kby klZlbdb JZkkfhljbf gb`gxx qZklv l_eZ GZ g__ ^_ckl\mxl\g_rgb_ kbeu J JJQ b \gmlj_ggb_ kbeu mijm]hklb jZkij_^_e_ggu_ih k_q_gbx DE AZdhg jZkij_^_e_gby bo ih k_q_gbx gZf g_ ba\_kl_g F_lh^ « «½²´² k_q_gbc ^Z_l \hafh`ghklv hij_^_eblv lhevdh kmffm \gmlj_ggbo kbe ^_ckl\mxsbo \ bgl_j_kmxs_f gZk k_q_gbb dhlhjZy fh`_l ijb\h^blvky d h^ghckbe_ beb iZj_ kbe < h[s_f kemqZ_ _keb kl_j`_gv jZkk_qv iehkdhklvx i_ji_g^bdmeyjghc hkb l _ ihi_j_qguf k_q_gb_f jbk[ b jZaeh`blv]eZ\guc \_dlhj b ]eZ\guc fhf_gl \gmlj_ggbo kbe ih hkyf o m ] lh gZ dZ`^hc klhjhg_ k_q_gby ihemqbf r_klv \gmlj_ggbo kbeh\uo nZdlhjh\ ljb kbeu1 4\ 4] b ljb fhf_glZ F[ 0\ 0] >ey kbe b fhf_glh\ ijbgylu ke_^mxsb_ gZa\Zgby 1 ² ijh^hevgZy kbeZ mijm]hklb 4\ 4]ihi_j_qgu_ bebi_j_j_au\Zxsb_ kbeu Fodjmlysbc fhf_gl 0\ 0]ba]b[Zxsb_fhf_glu Wlb l_jfbgu ih f_j_ bamq_gby dmjkZ gZf [m^ml ihklhyggh \klj_qZlvky ihwlhfm bo p_e_khh[jZagh aZihfgblv ²²² <_jg_fky d jbk>_ckl\b_ hl[jhr_gghc \_jog_c qZklb l_eZ aZf_gy_f\gmlj_ggbfb kbeZfb mijm]hklb jZ\gh^_ckl\mxsZy dhlhjuo jZ\gZ jZ\gh^_ckl\mxs_c \g_rgbo kbe ?keb \ k_q_gbb \u^_eblv fZemx iehsZ^dm ' ) bij_^iheh`blv qlh \gmlj_ggb_ kbeu ^_ckl\mxl \h \k_o lhqdZo k_q_gby ³Ëº· ÁÀ¿ÑĺÑlh fh`gh ml\_j`^Zlv qlh b gZ iehsZ^d_ ' ) ^_ckl\m_l \gmlj_ggyy fZeZykbeZ ' 1 Hlghr_gb_ \gmlj_gg_c ' 1 kbeu d \_ebqbg_ \u^_e_gghc iehsZ^db' ) ^Zkl kj_^g__ gZijy`_gb_ gZ wlhc iehsZ^d_jkj ' 1 ' )LZdbf h[jZahf gZijy`_gb_ wlh hlghr_gb_ \gmlj_ggbo kbe mijm]hklbd _^bgbp_ iehsZ^b jZkkfZljb\Z_fh]h k_q_gby JZaf_jghklv gZijy`_gby \ujZ`Z_lky \ _^bgbpZo kbeu gZ _^bgbpm iehsZ^b>ey hij_^_e_gby bklbggh]h gZijy`_gby gZijy`_gby \ lhqd_ \havf_f ij_^_e hl \ujZ`_gby²5 / ' o /OLP?keb ij_^iheh`blv qlh \gmlj_ggb_ kbeu mijm]hklb jZkij_^_eyxlky ih k_q_gbx jZ\ghf_jgh lh gZijy`_gb_ \ ex[hc lhqd_ k_q_gby fh`_l [ulv gZc^_gh dZd hlghr_gb_ kmffZjghc kbeu mijm]hklb ^_ckl\mxs_c \ k_q_gbb dh\k_c iehsZ^b k_q_gby l _j 1 )DZd ba\_klgh kbeZ wlh \_dlhj Z iehsZ^v \_ebqbgZ kdZeyjgZy Hlghr_gb_ \_dlhjghc \_ebqbgu d kdZeyjghc ^Z_l gh\uc \_dlhj lh]h `_ gZijZ\e_gby ke_^h\Zl_evgh kbeZ 1 b gZijy`_gb_ S \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ kh\iZ^Zxl ihgZijZ\e_gbx< h[s_f kemqZ_ gZijy`_gb_ j gZ ^Zgghc iehsZ^d_ G) [m^_l khklZ\eylvk wlhc iehsZ^dhc g_dhlhjuc m]he D jbk[ JZaeh`b\ wlh gZijy`_gb_gZ ^\_ khklZ\eyxsb_ ghjfZevgmx b dZkZl_evgmx ihemqbf ghjfZevgh_ Vb dZkZl_evgh_ W gZijy`_gbyV SDW SDAgZy bo e_]dh gZclb ihegh_ gZijy`_gb_ ^_ckl\mxs__ gZ jZkkfZljb\Z_fhciehsZ^d_ G)²² ²  VLQ FRV5V W< ^Zevg_cr_f \k_ \hijhku dZkZxsb_ky hij_^_e_gby gZijy`_gby k\h^ylkyd hij_^_e_gbx _]h khklZ\eyxsbo ghjfZevgh]h gZijy`_gby V klj_fys_]hkyhlhj\Zlv qZklbpm hl qZklbpu beb k[ebablv bo b dZkZl_evgh]h gZijy`_gby Wklj_fys_]hky k^\bgmlv qZklbpu hlghkbl_evgh ^jm]bo ih iehkdhklb k_q_gbyJZkkfhlj_gguc \ur_ f_lh^ k_q_gbc ijbf_gbf ^ey hij_^_e_gby ex[uo\gmlj_ggbo kbeh\uo nZdlhjh\ 1 4\ 4] Fo 0\ 0] k dhlhjufb fu [m^_f\klj_qZlvky ijb bamq_gbb dmjkZ½²´² º¶Í¶·ÆÀ¾²Èº»< khijhlb\e_gbb fZl_jbZeh\ bamqZxlky ke_^mxsb_ hkgh\gu_ \b^u ^_nhjfZpbc jZkly`_gb_ k`Zlb_ k^\b] kj_a kfylb_ djmq_gb_ b ba]b[ JZkkfZljb\Zxlky b dhf[bgZpbb wlbo ijhkluo ^_nhjfZpbc ba]b[ k djmq_gb_f djmq_gb_ b jZkly`_gb_ b l ^JZkly`_gbx beb k`Zlbx h[uqgh ih^\_j]Zxlky kl_j`gb beb klhcdb \^hevhk_c dhlhjuo ^_ckl\mxl jZkly]b\Zxsb_ beb k`bfZxsb_ ijh^hevgu_ \g_rgb_kbeu jbkIjb wlhf ijhbkoh^bl ihklmiZl_evgh_ i_j_f_s_gb_ ihi_j_qguo k_q_gbc kl_j`gy l _ kl_j`_gv m^ebgy_lky beb mdhjZqb\Z_lky Baf_g_gb_' O i_j\hgZqZevghc ^ebgu kl_j`gy gZau\Z_lky Z[khexlguf m^ebg_gb_f ijbjZkly`_gbb Z[khexlguf mdhjhq_gb_f ijb k`ZlbbHlghr_gb_ Z[khexlgh]h m^ebg_gby mdhjhq_gby ' O d i_j\hgZqZevghc ^ebg_ Okl_j`gy gZau\Z_lky hlghkbl_evguf m^ebg_gb_f b h[hagZqZ_lky [md\hc HH 'O OGZ jZkly`_gb_ beb k`Zlb_ jZ[hlZxl fgh]b_ we_f_glu dhgkljmdpbc jZaebqgu_ dhehggu rZolh\Zy dj_iv rlhdb fZrbg kl_j`gb nhjf ljhku ih^t_fguo fZrbg  < ihi_j_qguo k_q_gbyo kl_j`gy ijb wlhf \hagbdZxl ghjfZevgu_ gZijy`_gby V dhlhju_ gZoh^ylky ba \ujZ`_gbyV 1 )Ijb wlhf ij_^iheZ]Z_lky qlh V h ih ihi_j_qghfm k_q_gbx kl_j`gyK^\b] beb kj_a \hagbdZ_l dh]^Z \g_rgb_ kbeu kf_sZxl ^\Z iZjZee_evguo iehkdbo k_q_gby h^gh hlghkbl_evgh ^jm]h]h ijb g_baf_gghf jZkklhygbb f_`^m gbfbFQVW ³Ëº· ÁÀ¿ÑĺÑOhjhr_c beexkljZpb_c wlh]h \b^Z ^_nhjfZpbb fh`_l kem`blv jZ[hlZ ]bevhlbgguo gh`gbp ijb j_ad_ ebklh\h]h f_lZeeZ jbk <_ebqbgZ kf_s_gby ' $ gZau\Z_lky Z[khexlguf k^\b]hf Hlghr_gb_ Z[khexlgh]h k^\b]Z ' $ d jZkklhygbx K f_`^m kf_sZxsbfbky iehkdhklyfb ^Z_lJ gZau\Z_lky hlghkbl_evguf k^\b]hf <ke_^kl\b_ fZehklb m]eZ J ijb mijm]bo ^_nhjfZpbyo _]h lZg]_gk ijbgbfZ_lky jZ\guf m]em i_j_dhkZ jZkkfZljb\Z_fh]h we_f_glZKe_^h\Zl_evgh hlghkbl_evguc k^\b]J '$ KIjb k^\b]_ \ kf_sZxsboky iehkdhklyo ^_ckl\mxl dZkZl_evgu_ gZijy`_gbydhlhju_ gZoh^ylky ih nhjfme_W 4 )]^_ 4 ² jZ\gh^_ckl\mxsZy \gmlj_ggyy kbeZ mijm]hklb ijhlb\h^_ckl\mxsZy \g_rg_c kbe_) iehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby ieZklbguIj_^iheZ]Z_lky qlh dZkZl_evgu_ gZijy`_gby ih k_q_gbx jZkij_^_eyxlkyjZ\ghf_jgh GZ k^\b] beb kj_a jZ[hlZxl gZijbf_j aZde_idb b [helu kdj_WJ²½²´² ieyxsb_ we_f_glu dhlhju_ \g_rgb_ kbeu klj_fylky k^\bgmlv hlghkbl_evgh ^jm] ^jm]Z Djmq_gb_ \hagbdZ_l ijb ^_ckl\bb gZ kl_j`_gv \g_rgbo kbe h[jZamxsbofhf_gl hlghkbl_evgh hkb kl_j`gy jbk>_nhjfZpby djmq_gby khijh\h`^Z_lky ih\hjhlhf ihi_j_qguo k_q_gbc kl_j`gy hlghkbl_evgh ^jm] ^jm]Z\hdjm] _]h hkb o M]he ih\hjhlZ h^gh]h k_q_gby kl_j`gy hlghkbl_evgh ^jm]h]h gZoh^ys_]hky gZ jZkklhygbb O gZau\Z_lky m]ehf aZdjmqb\Zgby gZ ^ebg_ OHlghr_gb_ m]eZ aZdjmqb\Zgby M d ^ebg_ O gZau\Z_lky hlghkbl_evguf m]ehfaZdjmqb\Zgby4 MO< ihi_j_qguo k_q_gbyo djm]eh]h kl_j`gy ^_ckl\mxl dZkZl_evgu_ gZijy`_gby dhlhju_ fh]ml [ulv gZc^_gu dZdW 0 :S]^_ 0 ² djmlysbc fhf_gl \hagbdZxsbc \ ihi_j_qghf k_q_gbb djm]eh]hkl_j`gy \ j_amevlZl_ ^_ckl\by gZ kl_j`_gv \g_rg_]h djmlys_]h fhf_glZGiheyjguc fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby djm]eh]h ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_:Sgby kl_j`gyGZ djmq_gb_ jZ[hlZxl \Zeu ribg^_eb jZaebqguo f_lZeehj_`msbo klZgdh\bl i>_nhjfZpby ba]b[Z jbkaZdexqZ_lky \ bkdjb\e_gbb hkb ijyfh]hkl_j`gy beb \ baf_g_gbb djb\bagu djb\h]h kl_j`gy >_nhjfZpby ba]b[Zijyfhebg_cguo kl_j`g_c oZjZdl_jbam_lky m]ehf ih\hjhlZ k_q_gbc M b ijh]b[hf m ² ³Ëº· ÁÀ¿ÑÄºÑ < ihi_j_qguo k_q_gbyo kl_j`gy beb [Zedb \hagbdZxl ghjfZevgu_ b dZkZl_evgu_ gZijy`_gby dhlhju_ hij_^_eyxlky ih nhjfmeZfV 0ba m ,]]^_ Fba ba]b[Zxsbc fhf_gl \ jZkkfZljb\Z_fhf ihi_j_qghf k_q_gbb Gfm ² jZkklhygb_ ^h jZkkfZljb\Z_fh]h \hehdgZ [Zedb fhk_\hc fhf_gl bg_jpbb ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby kl_j`gy f,]46 ÄÈÇ ]WE, ]]^_ 4 ihi_j_qgZy kbeZ ^_ckl\mxsZy \ jZkkfZljb\Z_fhf k_q_gbbklZlbq_kdbc fhf_gl hlk_q_gghc qZklb jZkkfZljb\Z_fh]h k_q_gby6hlk][Zedb fE ² rbjbgZ ^_nhjfbjm_fhc [Zedb \ jZkkfZljb\Z_fhc lhqd_ k_q_gby f,] hk_\hc fhf_gl bg_jpbb ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby [Zedb fGZ ba]b[ jZ[hlZxl fgh]b_ ^_lZeb fZrbg hkb \Zeu am[vy r_kl_j_g j_kkhju juqZ]b b l i b khhjm`_gbc fhglZ`gu_ i_j_djulby nmg^Zf_glu ijhe_lu fhklh\ b l iGZ ijZdlbd_ j_^dh \klj_qZxlky ijhklu_ \b^u ^_nhjfZpbc dhlhju_ gZfbjZkkfhlj_gu h[uqgh hgb dhf[bgbjh\Zgu h^gZdh agZgb_ ijhy\e_gbyijhkluo ^_nhjfZpbc b bkihevah\Zgb_ ijbgpbiZ kmi_jihabpbc ijbgpbig_aZ\bkbfhklb ^_ckl\by kbe iha\hey_l \_klb jZkq_lu b ijb keh`guo^_nhjfZpbyo²² ²²²½²´² ºÁÀÄ·¹ÍÁº¾·¿Ñ·¾Í·´¿²Å¼·ÀÃÀÁÂÀĺ´½·¿ºº¾²Ä·Âº²½À´>ey ihkljh_gby l_hjbb khijhlb\e_gby fZl_jbZeh\ ijbgbfZxl g_dhlhju_]bihl_au hlghkbl_evgh kljmdlmju b k\hckl\Z fZl_jbZeh\ Z lZd`_ h oZjZdl_j_ ^_nhjfZpbc Ijb\_^_f hkgh\gu_ ba gboX =bihl_aZ h kiehrghklb fZl_jbZeZ Ij_^iheZ]Z_lky qlh fZl_jbZe kiehrvaZihegy_l nhjfm l_eZ :lhfbklbq_kdZy l_hjby ^bkdj_lgh]h kljh_gby \_s_kl\Z \h \gbfZgb_ g_ ijbgbfZ_lkyX =bihl_aZ h[ h^ghjh^ghklb b bahljhighklb FZl_jbZe ij_^iheZ]Z_lkyh^ghjh^guf b bahljhiguf l _ \ ex[hf h[t_f_ b \ ex[hf gZijZ\e_gbbk\hckl\Z fZl_jbZeZ kqblZxlky h^bgZdh\ufb Ohly djbklZeeu ba dhlhjuokhklhyl f_lZeeu Zgbahljhigu bo oZhlbq_kdh_ jZkiheh`_gb_ ^Z_l \hafh`ghklv kqblZlv fZdjhh[t_fu f_lZeeh\ bahljhigufb Ijb yjdh \ujZ`_gghc Zgbahljhibb gZijbf_j ^ey ^j_\_kbgu beb Zjfbjh\Zgguo fZl_jbZeh\ k\hckl\h bahljhighklb g_ijb_fe_fhX =bihl_aZ h fZehklb ^_nhjfZpbc >_nhjfZpbb fZeu ih kjZ\g_gbx k jZaf_jZfb ^_nhjfbjm_fh]h l_eZ GZ wlhf hkgh\Zgbb ijb ^_nhjfZpbb ij_g_[j_]Zxl baf_g_gbyfb \ jZkiheh`_gbb \g_rgbo kbe hlghkbl_evghhl^_evguo qZkl_c l_eZ b mjZ\g_gby klZlbdb khklZ\eyxl ^ey g_^_nhjfbjm_fh]h l_eZ FZeu_ ^_nhjfZpbb jZkkfZljb\Zxlky dZd [_kdhg_qgh fZeu_\_ebqbgu \ fZl_fZlbq_kdhf ZgZeba_ ?keb \ dZdhf eb[h mjZ\g_gbb _klvkeZ]Z_fu_ k ijhba\_^_gbyfb ^_nhjfZpbc b keZ]Z_fu_ k ^_nhjfZpbyfb\h \lhjhc b [hevr_c kl_i_gb lh bo hl[jZku\Zxl dZd \_ebqbgu \ukr_]hihjy^dZ fZehklbX =bihl_aZ h kh\_jr_gghc mijm]hklb fZl_jbZeZ <k_ l_eZ ij_^iheZ]ZxlkyZ[khexlgh mijm]bfb < ^_ckl\bl_evghklb Z[khexlgh mijm]bo l_e g_ kms_kl\m_l J_Zevgu_ l_eZ h[eZ^Zxl mijm]hklvx lhevdh ^h hij_^_e_gguo\_ebqbg gZ]jmahdX =bihl_aZ h ebg_cghc aZ\bkbfhklb f_`^m ^_nhjfZpbyfb b gZijy`_gbyfbIj_^iheZ]Z_lky qlh ijb ^_nhjfbjh\Zgbb [hevrbgkl\Z fZl_jbZeh\ kijZ\_^eb\ aZdhg =mdZ \uau\Zxsbc ijyfmx ijhihjpbhgZevghklv f_`^m^_nhjfZpbyfb b gZ]jmadZfb Ijb jZkly`_gbb beb k`Zlbb kl_j`gy aZdhg=mdZ aZibku\Z_lky \ \b^_V (HZ ijb ^_nhjfZpbb k^\b]Z dZdW *J ³Ëº· ÁÀ¿ÑĺÑ]^_ ? b * ² fh^meb ijh^hevghc b ihi_j_qghc mijm]hklb fZl_jbZeZ FIZH b J hlghkbl_evgu_ ijh^hevgZy b ihi_j_qgZy ^_nhjfZpbbX =bihl_aZ iehkdbo k_q_gbc K_q_gby i_ji_g^bdmeyjgu_ hkb kl_j`gy biehkdb_ ^h ^_nhjfZpbb hklZxlky iehkdbfb b i_ji_g^bdmeyjgufb hkbkl_j`gy ihke_ ^_nhjfZpbbI_j_qbke_ggu_ \ur_ ]bihl_au iha\heyxl j_rZlv rbjhdbc djm] aZ^Zq ihjZkq_lm gZ ijhqghklv `_kldhklv b mklhcqb\hklv J_amevlZlu jZkq_lh\ ohjhrh kh]eZkmxlky k ijZdlbdhc _keb ^_nhjfZpbb we_f_glh\ dhgkljmdpbc g_\uoh^yl aZ mijm]mx ahgm J_r_gb_ aZ^Zq k\yaZgguo k ieZklbq_kdbfb ^_nhjfZpbyfb lj_[m_l hkh[h]h ih^oh^Z b jZkkfZljb\Z_lky \ l_hjbyo ieZklbqghklb b iheamq_klb²À¿ÄÂÀ½Î¿Í·´ÀÁÂÀÃÍDlh y\ey_lky i_j\uf Z\lhjhf dgb]b ih khijhlb\e_gbx fZl_jbZeh\GZah\bl_ \u^Zxsboky jmkkdbo mq_guo \ h[eZklb ijhqghklb fZl_jbZeh\Dlh y\ey_lky Z\lhjhf nmg^Zf_glZevghc l_hjbb JZa\blb_ lj_sbguDZdb_ aZ^Zqb j_rZ_l gZmdZ h khijhlb\e_gbb fZl_jbZeh\Baeh`bl_ hkgh\gu_ lj_[h\Zgby ijb ijh_dlbjh\Zgbb fZrbg b khhjm`_gbcDZd deZkkbnbpbjmxlky gZ]jmadb ^_ckl\mxsb_ gZ qZklb fZrbg b khhjm`_gbcQlh gZau\Z_lky [jmkhf ieZklbgdhc h[hehqdhc b fZkkb\guf l_ehfDZdb_ hkgh\gu_ \b^u ^_nhjfZpbc \uau\Zxlky \g_rgbfb kbeZfbH[tykgbl_ kfuke f_lh^Z k_q_gbcDZdb_ \gmlj_ggb_ kbeh\u_ nZdlhju \hagbdZxl \ k_q_gbb l_eZQlh gZau\Z_lky gZijy`_gb_f DZdZy m g_]h jZaf_jghklvDZdh_ gZijy`_gb_ gZau\Z_lky ghjfZevguf b dZdh_ dZkZl_evgufDZd \ujZ`Z_lky jZaf_jghklv gZijy`_gby \ kbkl_f_ KB b \ l_ogbq_kdhckbkl_f_DZdb_ ^_nhjfZpbb hlghkylky d ijhklufDZdb_ ]bihl_au bkihevamxlky ijb bamq_gbb dmjkZ Khijhlb\e_gb_ fZl_jbZeh\"""""""""""""½²´²·À¾·Äºɷüº·Ç²Â²¼Ä·ÂºÃĺ¼ºÁ½ÀüºÇ÷ɷ¿º»GZ ^_nhjfZpbx b gZijy`_gb_ l\_j^h]h l_eZ kms_kl\_ggh \eby_l nhjfZ _]hihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby Ihwlhfm \ ^Zgghc ]eZ\_ jZkkfZljb\Zxlky hkgh\gu_]_hf_ljbq_kdb_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb ihi_j_qguo k_q_gbc h[t_dlZ hij_^_eyxsb_khijhlb\e_gb_ jZaebqguf \b^Zf ^_nhjfZpbb [_a mq_lZ _]h nbabq_kdbok\hckl\ D gbf hlghkylky iehsZ^b ihi_j_qguo k_q_gbc klZlbq_kdb_ fhf_glu fhf_glu bg_jpbb b fhf_glu khijhlb\e_gby£Ä²ÄºÉ·Ã¼º·¾À¾·¿ÄÍÁ½À˲¶º¨·¿ÄÂÄѸ·ÃĺÁ½À˲¶ºJZkkfhljbf ihi_j_qgh_ k_q_gb_ [jmkZ \ kbkl_f_ dhhj^bgZl ]2m jbk<u^_ebf we_f_glZjgmx iehsZ^dm G) dhhj^bgZlZfb ] b m Bkihevamy ba\_klgmx ba l_hj_lbq_kdhc f_oZgbdb l_hj_fm h fhf_gl_ kbeu hlghkbl_evgh hkbfh`gh khklZ\blv \ujZ`_gb_ b ^ey fhf_glZ iehsZ^b hlghkbl_evgh hkb dhlhjuc gZau\Z_lky klZlbq_kdbf fhf_glhf ½²´² LZdbf h[jZahfG6\G)G6]G)Ijhkmffbjh\Z\ wlb ijhba\_^_gby ih \k_c iehsZ^b nb]mju ihemqbf khhl\_lkl\_ggh klZlbq_kdb_ fhf_glu hlghkbl_evgh hk_c ] b \6] ³ \ G) 6\) ³ ] G) )KlZlbq_kdb_ fhf_glu bf_xl jZaf_jghklv f beb ijhba\h^gu_ ff kf?keb ij_^iheh`blv qlh ] b m dhhj^bgZlu p_gljZ ly`_klb p l nb]mjulh gZ hkgh\Zgbb l_hj_fu h fhf_gl_ jZ\gh^_ckl\mxs_c klZlbq_kdb_ fhf_glu fh`gh ij_^klZ\blv \ \b^_k ²6])\ 6\]^_ ) iehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gbyHlkx^Z²mk6]))]]k6\)Ba \ujZ`_gbyke_^m_l qlh _keb hkb ijhoh^yl q_j_a p l k_q_gby\]lh klZlbq_kdb_ fhf_glu hlghkbl_evgh gbo jZ\gu gmex>ey \uqbke_gby klZlbq_kdbo fhf_glh\ keh`guo nb]mj bo jZa[b\Zxl gZ ijhklu_qZklb jbk^ey dZ`^hc ba dhlhjuo ba\_klgu iehsZ^v ) b iheh`_gb_ p l ]O m ·À¾·Äºɷüº· Dz²¼Ä·ÂºÃĺ¼º Á½ÀüºÇ ÷ɷ¿º»KlZlbq_kdbc fhf_gl iehsZ^b \k_c nb]mju hlghkbl_evgh ^Zgghc hkb hij_^_ey_lkydZd kmffZ klZlbq_kdbo fhf_glh\ dZ`^hc qZklb6]Q¦ )L \L )O\O ) \ « )Q \Q6\LQ¦ )L ]L ) ] ) ] « )Q ]Q>ey hij_^_e_gby p l nb]mju ihdZaZgghc gZ jbkluj_ ijyfhm]hevgbdZ AZ gZqZevgu_ hkb ijbgbfZ_f ]e_gbc ijb\_^_f \ lZ[eL jZa[b\Z_f __ gZ q_J_amevlZlu \uqbkm ) L \ ] L)\L] \ )]LLLFLLLo o o ooo ½Ñ ´Ã·»ÆºµÅÂÍIh nhjfmeZf].
