Общеупотребительная бизнес-терминология в современном аутентичном англоязычном дискурсе, страница 3

Broadly, North American investors have tended to prefer single-metalcompanies, such as Alcoa in aluminum, Inco in nickel, and Phelps Dodge in copper. The United Kingdom,which plays a surprisingly important part in mining finance given the paucity of its own resources, has tendedto prefer diversified companies such as Rio Tinto.The mining industry has a reputation for being excessively fragmented, but in practice the degree offragmentation varies considerably from one commodity to another. In diamonds, for example, De Beersremained the dominant seller of rough stones throughout the last century. Recent consolidation has meantthat most international trade in both iron ore and coal is now in the hands of a small number of largecompanies: CVRD (Brazil), Rio Tinto, and BHP Billiton for iron ore; and BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto, Glencore (aSwiss metals trader), and Anglo American in coal.

At the end of 2000, however, the top ten gold minersaccounted for only 41% of total production.Mining is an industry which almost inevitably produces international acrimony, since many resourcesare mined in the less developed countries for the use and benefit of people in the developed world. Mines canbe damaging both to the environment and to the host communities. The larger mining companies are nowpaying considerable attention to the fashionable concept of sustainable development, and have sponsoredseveral bodies to improve the industry’s practices and image.Business: The Ultimate Resource, р.

1864.Приведенный отрывок является вводным, но и он не оставляет сомнений в том, чтоэто, во-первых, отраслевой дискурс и, во-вторых, отраслевой дискурс именно информативнойнаправленности. Образность и метафоричность исключены полностью. Стиль изложенияпредставляет собой единство нейтральной общестилевой основы и официально-деловогостиля. Отрывок выстроен в высшей степени логично и информирует читающих об основныхэтапах в становлении и развитии отрасли.

Нельзя не обратить внимания на синтаксическуюорганизацию этой части раздела по Mining: первые четыре абзаца являются более короткими(от одного до двух предложений); в заключительных трех абзацах возрастает количествопредложений и усложняется их структура. С точки зрения словарного состава, можноговорить о наличии нескольких пластов: слова общего языка (be, around, almost, more, slowlyи др.), многосложная лексика официально-делового стиля (in response to, to pioneer, toconcentrate on, ultimately, excessively, considerably, acrimony), общеупотребительные бизнестермины, о которых будет сказано ниже (см.

стр. 15 – 17), и отраслевая лексика (coal, iron ore,open pit, deposits, gold, metals).102. OIL AND GASНефтегазовая промышленность включает ряд подотраслей, занимающихся добычей ипереработкой нефти и газа, что предполагает работы по разведке нефтегазовыхместорождений,бурениеиподготовкукэксплуатациискважин,управлениеспециализированным оборудованием, а также осуществление контроля на всех этапах,предшествующих отгрузке нефти и газа с эксплуатируемого участка. Кроме того,нефтегазовая промышленность охватывает производство серы и извлечение жидкихуглеводородов из природного газа.Oil, in the form of bitumen seeping to the surface, has been known for thousands of years in theMiddle East, where it was used for caulking boats.

Its commercial exploitation, however, really started in theUnited States in the mid-19th century, when it was drilled in Pennsylvania and sold as kerosene for lighting.Other centers developed: in central Asia, where the Rothschilds and Nobels built up the oil industry at Baku,and in Asia where Royal Dutch discovered oil in Sumatra in the 1880s.For the first two thirds of the 20th century the industry was dominated by the international oilcompanies. U.S. companies had not only the advantage of their enormous home market, but also reaped thebenefit of the dominant geopolitical position of the United States after World War II. European oil companiesdeveloped within the framework of their colonial empires.This changed with the rise of nationalism in the 1970s, particularly in the Middle East where most ofthe world’s proven oil reserves have been found to lie.

Oil-rich countries were no longer content to have theinternational oil companies tell them what the price of oil should be, or what share of the revenue theyshould have. These countries formed OPEC in 1960, and within 15 years they had effectively nationalized thelocal assets of the international companies.As a result, the international companies – though they are some of the biggest publicly-quotedbusinesses in the world – now account for less than half the world’s oil and gas production and reserves.Most of the world industry is in the hands of state-owned national oil companies. However, the pendulum isnow swinging back a little in favor of the international companies, as some OPEC countries – Iran, SaudiArabia, and Kuwait – invite the international oil and gas companies back in to explore for oil and gas.The industry faces two main challenges.

One is over the future of oil and gas reserves. There are somewho believe that oil is a renewable resource, because it has been – and still is being – created deep insidethe earth; almost everyone else agrees that it will run out at some point. But when? The world has alreadyconsumed 850 billion barrels of oil; its proven reserves currently stand at just over 1,000 billion barrels. Theoptimists say that the industry will go on finding new reserves, just as it always has done; the pessimistsbelieve that world production will peak during the 2000s, just as production in the United States – once theworld’s largest producer – did in the early 1970s.

New techniques have been developed that permit thediscovery and exploitation of smaller finds, but the more pessimistic view is that increasing the rate ofrecovery from oil fields merely accelerates their decline. At current production levels, world oil reserves of1,046 billion barrels would last about 40 years. Gas would last a little longer: world reserves of 5,300 trillioncubic feet would last 61 years at present levels of output.The other challenge is environmental. The industry has made great strides in recent years in controllingoil spills and in developing cleaner fuels, with less sulfur and nitrous oxides, to prevent the build-up of fumesand smog in the cities. The problem posed by climate change is of even greater magnitude. Carbon is anintrinsic part of hydrocarbons like oil, but it is also the major component of greenhouse gases which aredamaging the planet’s cooling system.

The aim of the Kyoto protocol, which all industrialized countries,except the United States, have said they will ratify, is to reduce the level of carbon emissions. The responseof most oil companies has been to increase their efforts to find natural gas, which is less polluting than oil,and to look at other, renewable forms of energy such as solar power.Business: The Ultimate Resource, р.

1867.11В стилистическом отношении приведенный отрывок имеет много общего сматериалом горнодобывающей промышленности: в нем сосуществуют разные лексическиепласты, например слова общего языка (form, to seep, to know, thousand, year, to use, really, tostart и др.) и слова, создающие официально-деловой стиль (to dominate, challenge n, to increase,magnitude, intrinsic), общеупотребительные бизнес-термины (industry, company, market, price)и отраслевая лексика (oil, to drill, kerosene, lighting, to explore, gas, recovery).Приведенный фрагмент включает 6 абзацев: первые четыре состоят из трехраспространенных предложений; два последующих абзаца являются более развернутыми, но онисвязаны тесным образом, так как в них говорится о трудностях, с которыми эта отрасльсталкивается (“The industry faces two main challenges.

...”). Образность и метафорика –минимальные и ограничиваются одним высказыванием (“However, the pendulum is now swingingback a little in favor of the international companies, as some OPEC countries – Iran, Saudi Arabia, andKuwait – invite the international oil and gas companies back in to explore for oil and gas.”).3. CHEMICALSК химической промышленности относится химическая переработка органического инеорганического сырья и разработка формул различных химических веществ. В этой отраслиимеются как предприятия, занимающиеся изготовлением основных химических веществ, таки предприятия, ориентированные на производство промежуточных и конечных продуктов.The development of the chemical industry was intimately intertwined with the start of the industrialrevolution in the mid-18th century. The demands of the new manufacturing industries, in particular the textileindustry, for larger quantities of chemical products such as sulfuric acid and synthetic dyers gave rise to ascientifically based chemical manufacturing industry.

A measure of the scientific advance which has driventhe development of the industry can be seen in the increase in known organic chemicals. In 1800,approximately 500 of these were recognized, many of them being simple acid salts. By 1900, the number hadgrown to 150,000, and by 2000 to about 10 million.Sulfuric acid is generally regarded as the first bulk chemical product, and remains an importantcommodity chemical today. With an annual production of over 150 million tons (late 1990s), it is the largestvolume product of the chemical industry used in a diverse range of processes, including the manufacture offertilizers, detergents, paints, and explosives.The development of the industry accelerated in the 19th century, as the science of chemistry becamebetter understood and new processes for the manufacture of specific chemicals were developed.

An exampleis the 1863 development of the Solvay process for producing alkali, exploiting chemistry discovered 60 yearsearlier but for the first time scaling up successfully to achieve commercial volume production. Scaling up fromlaboratory to industrial production is still a key skill of the chemical engineer.Business: The Ultimate Resource, р. 1834.Приведенный выше вводный текст является одним из самых коротких в отраслевомразделе рассматриваемой бизнес-энциклопедии. Тем не менее и здесь наблюдаются те жеявления, о которых говорилось применительно к материалам, посвященным горнодобывающей и12нефтегазовой промышленностям: чередование абзацев разной протяженности, распространенныепредложения разных синтаксических типов, сочетание нейтрального и официально-деловогостилей, сосуществование разных пластов словарного состава (ср.