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Файл №986750 CPM2A_PROGRAMMING MANUAL (W353-E1-2) (Техническая документация) 86 страницаCPM2A_PROGRAMMING MANUAL (W353-E1-2) (986750) страница 862015-07-23СтудИзба
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Programming using the 0.1-second Clock Bit (SR 25500) may be inaccurate. A CYCLE TIME OVER error is generated (SR 25309 will turn ON).The FALS 9F monitoring time SV is exceeded. A system error (FALS 9F) is generated, and operation stops.Programming using the 0.2-second Clock Bit (SR 25501) may be inaccurate.Cycle Time ExampleIn this example, the cycle time is calculated for a CPM2A/CPM2C CPU Unit with30 I/O points (18 input points and 12 output points). The I/O is configured as follows:18 inputs: 2 words (00000 to 00011, 00100 to 00105)12 outputs: 2 words (01000 to 01007, 01100 to 01103)495SectionCPM2A/CPM2C Cycle Time and I/O Response Time8-2The rest of the operating conditions are assumed to be as follows:User’s program:500 instructions (consists of only LD and OUT)Cycle time:Variable (no minimum set)The average processing time for a single instruction in the user’s program is assumed to be 1.26 µs.

The cycle times are as shown in the following table.ProcessCalculation method1. OverseeingFixedTime withProgramming Device0.3 ms2. Program execution1.26 × 500 (µs)0.6 ms0.6 ms3. Cycle time calculationNegligible0 ms0 ms4. I/O refreshingFixed0.3 ms (CPM2C: 0.06 ms)0.3 ms (CPM2C: 0.06 ms)5. Peripheral port servicingMinimum time0.55 ms0 msCycle time(1) + (2) + (3) + (4) + (5)1.75 ms (CPM2C: 1.51 ms)1.2 ms (CPM2C: 0.96 ms)NoteTime withoutProgramming Device0.3 ms1.

The cycle time can be read from the PC via a Programming Device.2. The maximum and current cycle time are stored in AR 14 and AR 15.3. The cycle time can vary with actual operating conditions and will not necessarily agree precisely with the calculated value.8-2-2 I/O Response TimeThe I/O response time is the time it takes after an input signal has been received(i.e., after an input bit has turned ON) for the PC to check and process the information and to output a control signal (i.e., to output the result of the processing to an output bit). The I/O response time varies according to the timing andprocessing conditions.The minimum and maximum I/O response times are shown here, using the following program as an example.OutputInputThe following conditions are taken as examples for calculating the I/O responsetimes.Input ON delay:Overseeing time:Instruction execution time:Output ON delay:Communications ports:10 ms (input time constant: default setting)1 ms (includes I/O refreshing)14 ms15 msNot used.Minimum I/O Response Time The CPM2A/CPM2C responds most quickly when it receives an input signal justprior to I/O refreshing, as shown in the illustration below.InputpointInput ON delay (10 ms)InputbitI/O refreshingProgram execution and other processes(15 ms)I/O refreshingOutput ON delay (10 ms)OutputpointMin.

I/O response time = 10+15+15 = 40 ms496SectionCPM2A/CPM2C Cycle Time and I/O Response Time8-2Maximum I/O Response Time The CPM2A/CPM2C takes longest to respond when it receives the input signaljust after the input refresh phase of the cycle, as shown in the illustration below.In that case, a delay of approximately one cycle will occur.InputpointInput ON delay (10 ms)InputbitI/O refreshingProgram executionand other processes(15 ms)I/O refreshingProgram executionand other processes(15 ms)I/O refreshingOutput ON delay (10 ms)OutputpointMax. I/O response time = 10+15 × 2+15 = 55 ms8-2-3 One-to-one PC Link I/O Response TimeWhen two CPM2A/CPM2Cs are linked 1:1, the I/O response time is the time required for an input executed at one of the CPM2A/CPM2Cs to be output to theother CPM2A/CPM2C by means of 1:1 PC Link communications.The minimum and maximum I/O response times are shown here, using as anexample the following instructions executed at the master and the slave.

In thisexample, communications proceed from the master to the slave.MasterSlaveOutput (LR)InputInput(LR)OutputThe following conditions are taken as examples for calculating the I/O responsetimes. In CPM2A/CPM2C PCs, LR area words LR 00 to LR 15 are used in 1:1data links and the transmission time is fixed at 21 ms.Input ON delay:Master cycle time:Slave cycle time:Output ON delay:10 ms (input time constant: default setting)10 ms15 ms15 msMinimum I/O Response Time The CPM2A/CPM2C responds most quickly under the following circumstances:1, 2, 3...1.

The CPM2A/CPM2C receives an input signal just prior to the input refreshphase of the cycle.2. The Master’s communications servicing occurs just as the Master-to-Slavetransmission begins.497SectionCPM2A/CPM2C Cycle Time and I/O Response Time8-23. The Slave’s communications servicing occurs just after the transmission iscompleted.InputpointI/O refreshInput ON delay (10 ms)Overseeing, communicationsservicing, etc.InputbitMasterProgramexecutionCPUprocessingMaster’s cycle time (10 ms)Master toSlaveTransmission time (21 ms)ProgramexecutionCPUprocessingOutput ONSlave’s cycle time (15 ms) delay (10 ms)SlaveOutputpointMin.

I/O response time = 10+10+12+15+15 = 62 msMaximum I/O Response Time The CPM2A/CPM2C takes the longest to respond under the following circumstances:1, 2, 3...1. The CPM2A/CPM2C receives an input signal just after the input refreshphase of the cycle.2. The Master’s communications servicing just misses the Master-to-Slavetransmission.3.

The transmission is completed just after the Slave’s communications servicing ends.I/O Maximum Response Time Input ON response time + Master’s cycle time × 2 + Transmission time × 3 +Slave’s cycle time × 2 + Output ON response timeInputpointI/O refreshInput ON response timePeripheral port servicingMasterInputbitCPUprocessingProgramexecutionProgramexecutionProgramexecutionMaster #1(Data transmission according to input point)Master to SlaveCPUprocessingTransmissiontimeProgramexecutionSlave #1SlaveProgramexecutionSlave to MasterProgramexecutionTransmissiontimeMaster to SlaveTransmission timeProgramexecutionSlave #2ProgramexecutionSlave #3OutputpointMaximum I/O response time = 10 + 10 × 2 + 12 × 3 + 15 × 2 + 15 = 111 (ms)498Output OFFresponse timeCPM2A/CPM2C Cycle Time and I/O Response TimeSection8-28-2-4 Interrupt Processing TimeThis section explains the processing times involved from the time an interrupt isexecuted until the interrupt processing routine is called, and from the time an interrupt processing routine is completed until returning to the initial location.

Thisexplanation applies to input interrupts, interval timer interrupts, and high-speedcounter interrupts.1, 2, 3...ItemInterrupt ON delay1. Source of interrupt2. Interrupt ON delay3. Wait for completion of interrupt-mask processing4.

Change to interrupt processing5. Interrupt routing (CPM1A/CPM2A/CPM2C only)6. Return to initial locationThe table below shows the times involved from the generation of an interrupt signal until the interrupt processing routine is called, and from when the interruptprocessing routine is completed until returning to the original position.ContentsThis is the delay time from the time the interrupt input bit turns ON until thetime that the interrupt is executed. This delay does not affect other interrupts.Wait for completion ofWhen a process that disables (masks) the interrupt is being executed, this isinterrupt-mask processing the time required for that process to be completed.Change to interruptThis is the time it takes to change processing to the interrupt process.processingReturnThis is the time it takes, from execution of RET(93), to return to the processingthat was interrupted.Time100 µsSee below.30 µs30 µsMask ProcessingInterrupts are masked during processing of the operations described below.

Until the processing is completed, any interrupts will remain masked for the indicated times.Generation and clearing of non-fatal errors:Interrupts will be masked for up to 100 µs when a non-fatal error has beengenerated and the error contents are being registered in the PC, or when anerror is being cleared.Online editing:Operation will stop and interrupts will be masked for up to 600 ms (forDM 6144 to DM 6655) when online editing is executed or the settings arechanged with STUP(––) during operation. The program or PC Setup can beoverwritten during that delay.In addition to the online editing delay, interrupts may be masked for up to170 µs for system processing.Example CalculationThis example shows the interrupt response time (i.e., the time from when theinterrupt input turns ON until the start of the interrupt processing routine) wheninput interrupts are used under the conditions shown below.Minimum Response TimeInterrupt ON delay:100 µsInterrupt mask standby time:0 µs30 µs+Change-to-interrupt processing:Minimum response time:130 µsMaximum Response Time(Except for the Online Editing of DM 6144 to DM 6655)Interrupt ON delay:100 µsInterrupt mask standby time:170 µs30 µs+Change-to-interrupt processing:Maximum response time:300 µs499SectionCPM2A/CPM2C Cycle Time and I/O Response Time8-2In addition to the response time shown above, the time required for executingthe interrupt processing routine itself and a return time of 30 µs must also be accounted for when returning to the process that was interrupted.8-2-5 CPM2A/CPM2C Instruction Execution TimesThe following table lists the execution times for CPM2A/CPM2C instructions.Basic InstructionsCodeMnemonicON executiontime (µs)---------------------------LDLD NOTANDAND NOTOROR NOTAND LDOR LDOUTOUT NOTSETRSETTIM0.64---CNTConditions (Top: min.; bottom: max.)OFF execution time (µs)RSET---AnyILJMP0.520.261.882.584.76Constant for SV4.50DM for SVConstant for SVDM for SV7.815.66.814.57.615.42.92.92.92.93.13.1Special InstructionsCodeMnemonic0001020304050607080910NOPENDILILCJMPJMEFALFALSSTEPSNXTSFT11KEEP12CNTRON executiontime (µs)0.156.21.11.60.952.120.52.97.35.1With 1-word shift registerWith 10-word shift registerWith 53-word shift registerAnyConstant for SVAny13DIFU14DIFD5.3OFF execution time (µs)Any10.415.339.63.210.918.85.5500Conditions (Top: min.; bottom: max.)DM for SVAny2.11.61.82.12.52.56.03.6Reset9.211.926.2Reset3.1Reset7.9IL0.981.01.0IL1.2IL5.5JMP0.981.01.0JMP1.3JMP5.6Shift5.1Shift5.4IL4.8IL4.7JMP0.96JMP0.97SectionCPM2A/CPM2C Cycle Time and I/O Response TimeCodeMnemonic15TIMHON executiontime (µs)9.09.69.810.716WSFT14.018.61.15 ms17ASFT13.022.91.51 ms20CMP7.08.312.121MOV7.88.422.822MVN7.98.422.823BIN15.830.324BCD14.629.025ASL8.615.826ASR8.415.627ROL7.314.528ROR7.314.529COM8.916.130ADD14.716.037.631SUB14.615.837.532MUL26.828.351.033DIV25.927.550.134ANDW12.313.835.4Conditions (Top: min.; bottom: max.)Regular execution, constant for SVInterrupt execution, constant for SVRegular execution, DM for SVInterrupt execution, DM for SVWith 1-word shift registerWith 10-word shift register8-2OFF execution time (µs)Reset13.014.420.822.22.6With 2,048-word shift register using DMShifting 1 wordShifting 10 words2.6Shifting 2,048 words via DMWhen comparing a constant to a constantWhen comparing two words2.6When comparing two DMWhen transferring a constant to a wordWhen transferring from one word to another2.6When transferring DM to DMWhen transferring a constant to a wordWhen transferring from one word to another2.6When transferring DM to DMWhen converting a word to a word2.6When converting DM to DMWhen converting a word to a word2.6When converting DM to DMWhen shifting a word2.5When shifting DMWhen shifting a word2.5When shifting DMWhen rotating a word2.5When rotating DMWhen rotating a word2.5When rotating DMWhen inverting a word2.5When inverting DMConstant + constant → wordWord + word → word2.6DM + DM → DMConstant – constant → wordWord – word → word2.6DM – DM → DMConstant constant → wordWord word → word2.6DM DM → DMConstant ÷ constant → wordword ÷ word → word2.6DM ÷ DM → DMConstant Ɠ constant → wordWord Ɠ word → word2.6IL12.614.020.522.0JMP6.17.56.17.5DM Ɠ DM → DM501SectionCPM2A/CPM2C Cycle Time and I/O Response TimeCodeMnemonicON executiontime (µs)12.313.835.435ORW36XORW12.313.835.437XNRW12.313.835.538INC8.815.939DEC8.916.1404146STCCLCMSG3.03.047RXD71.9314.548TXD32.4264.527.742.29.917.850ADB14.115.637.451SBB14.415.937.752MLB16.818.541.253DVB16.918.641.354ADDL25.348.655SUBL25.348.656MULL79.1102.157DIVL73.998.658BINL23.938.559BCDL19.133.760502CMPL14.830.6Conditions (Top: min.; bottom: max.)Constant V constant → wordWord V word → wordOFF execution time (µs)2.6DM V DM → DMConstant V constant → wordWord V word → word2.6DM V DM → DMConstant V constant → wordWord V word → word2.6DM V DM → DMWhen incrementing a word2.5When incrementing DMWhen decrementing a word2.5When decrementing DMAnyWith message in words2.52.52.5With message in DMWord specification, 1 byte input2.6DM specification, 256 bytes inputWord specification, 1 byte input, RS-232C2.6DM specification, 256 bytes input, RS-232CWord specification, 1 byte input, Host LinkDM specification, 256 bytes input, Host LinkConstant + constant → wordWord + word → word2.6DM + DM → DMConstant – constant → wordWord – word → word2.6DM – DM → DMConstant constant → wordWord word → word2.6DM DM → DMConstant ÷ constant → wordWord ÷ word → word2.6DM ÷ DM → DMWord + word → word2.6DM + DM → DMWord – word → word2.6DM – DM → DMWord word → word2.6DM DM → DMWord ÷ word → word2.6DM ÷ DM → DMWhen converting word data to a word2.6When converting DM to DMWhen converting word data to a word2.6When converting DM to DMComparing words2.6Comparing DM8-2SectionCPM2A/CPM2C Cycle Time and I/O Response TimeCodeMnemonic61INION executiontime (µs)68.812.043.351.842.850.860.142.750.717.820.027.662PRV36.944.736.644.338.546.220.227.424.432.439.947.820.127.1Conditions (Top: min.; bottom: max.)Starting high-speed counter comparisonStopping high-speed counter comparisonSpecifying a constant when changing highspeed counter PVSpecifying DM when changing high-speedcounter PV8-2OFF execution time (µs)2.6Specifying increment mode via constantSpecifying increment mode via DMStopping pulse outputSpecifying a constant when changing pulse output PVSpecifying DM when changing pulse outputPVStopping synchronized control of high-speedcounterSpecifying a constant when changing interruptcounter PVSpecifying DM when changing interruptcounter PVReading high-speed counter PV via word2.6Reading high-speed counter PV DMSpecifying increment mode via wordSpecifying increment mode via DSpecifying a word when using synchronizedcontrolSpecifying DM when using synchronized controlReading high-speed counter pulse output statusvia wordReading high-speed counter pulse output statusvia DMReading high-speed counter read range comparison results via wordReading high-speed counter read range comparison results via DMReading pulse output PV via wordReading pulse output PV via DMReading interrupt counter PV via wordReading interrupt counter PV via DM503SectionCPM2A/CPM2C Cycle Time and I/O Response TimeCodeMnemonic63CTBLON executiontime (µs)186.0807.5185.8781.9410.0418.9380.6399.7Registering a range comparison table and starting comparison in incrementing/decrementingpule input mode via DMRegistering a range comparison table and starting comparison in incrementing mode via wordRegistering a range comparison table and starting comparison in incrementing mode via DMOnly registering a target value comparison tablein incrementing/decrementing pulse input modevia DMOnly registering a target value comparison tablein incrementing mode via wordOnly registering a target value comparison tablein incrementing mode via DM351.0Only registering a range comparison table inincrementing/decrementing pule input mode viaword359.1Only registering a range comparison table inincrementing/decrementing pule input mode viaDMOnly registering a range comparison table inincrementing mode via wordOnly registering a range comparison table inincrementing mode via DM335.944.653.842.952.034.139.8504Registering a target value comparison table andstarting comparison in incrementing mode viaDMRegistering a range comparison table and starting comparison in incrementing/decrementingpule input mode via word810.3331.2SPEDRegistering a target value comparison table andstarting comparison in incrementing/decrementing pulse input mode via DMRegistering a target value comparison table andstarting comparison in incrementing mode viawordOnly registering a target value comparison tablein incrementing/decrementing pulse input modevia word776.3OFF execution time (µs)Registering a target value comparison table and 2.6starting comparison in incrementing/decrementing pulse input mode via word183.4182.464Conditions (Top: min.; bottom: max.)Specifying a constant in independent modeSpecifying DM in independent modeSpecifying a constant in continuous pulse output modeSpecifying DM in continuous pulse outputmodeSpecifying a word when changing output frequencySpecifying DM when changing output frequency8-22.6SectionCPM2A/CPM2C Cycle Time and I/O Response TimeCodeMnemonic65PULSON executiontime (µs)38.446.640.048.1Conditions (Top: min.; bottom: max.)Specifying a relative pulse for the set pulse output via a wordSpecifying a relative pulse for the set pulse output via DMSCL37.939.259.9Specifying a parameter word; constant to wordSpecifying a parameter word; word to word67BCNT24.94.32 msWhen counting 1 word68BCMP35.338.358.1Comparing constant, results to wordComparing word, results to word25.747.825.947.834.046.410.6Constant-set one-shot interrupt start21.323.81.52 msWhen transferring a constant to a wordWhen transferring a word to a word70STIMXFEROFF execution time (µs)2.6Specifying an absolute pulse for the set pulseoutput via a wordSpecifying an absolute pulse for the set pulseoutput via DM66698-22.6Specifying a parameter DM ; DM to DM2.6When counting 2,048 words via DM2.6Comparing DM, results to DM2.6DM-set one-shot interrupt startConstant-set scheduled interrupt startDM-set scheduled interrupt startConstant-set timer readDM-set timer readStopping timer2.6When transferring 2,048 words using DM71BSET13.814.3971.1When setting a constant to a wordWhen setting a word to a word73XCHG14.529.3Word → word74SLD12.323.92.83 msShifting 1 wordShifting 10 words2.6When setting DM to 2,048 words2.6DM → DM2.6Shifting 2,048 words using DM75SRD12.323.92.83 msShifting 1 wordShifting 10 words76MLPX16.846.1When decoding word to word77DMPX19.752.1When encoding word to word78SDEC19.848.3When decoding word to word80DIST18.720.243.131.032.755.9When setting a constant to a word + a wordWhen setting a word to a word + a word2.6Shifting 2,048 words using DM2.6When decoding DM to DM2.6When encoding DM to DM2.6When decoding DM to DM2.6When setting DM to DM +DMWhen setting a constant to a stackWhen setting a word to a stackWhen setting DM to a stack via DM505SectionCPM2A/CPM2C Cycle Time and I/O Response TimeCodeMnemonic81COLL82MOVB83MOVD84SFTR85TCMP86ASC89INT91929397SBSSBNRETIORF99MCRO506ON executiontime (µs)21.521.942.531.532.0784.7Conditions (Top: min.; bottom: max.)When setting a constant + a word to a wordWhen setting a word + a word to a wordOFF execution time (µs)2.6When setting DM + DM to DMWhen setting a word + constant to FIFO stackWhen setting a word + word to FIFO stackWhen setting a DM + DM to FIFO stack viaDM33.634.057.1When setting a word + constant to LIFO stackWhen setting a word + word to LIFO stack17.318.041.713.816.238.122.824.31.15 ms27.528.048.319.152.222.130.118.426.417.224.123.131.110.710.711.011.010.8--6.216.8130.7110.726.142.3When transferring a constant to a wordWhen transferring from one word to anotherWhen setting a DM + DM to LIFO stack viaDM2.6When transferring DM to DMWhen transferring a constant to a wordWhen transferring from one word to another2.6When transferring DM to DMShifting 1 wordShifting 10 words2.6Shifting 2,048 words using DMComparing constant to word-set tableComparing word to word-set table2.6Comparing DM to DM-set tableWord → word2.6DM → DMSet masks via word2.6Set masks via DMClear interrupts via wordClear interrupts via DMRead mask status via wordRead mask status via DMChange counter SV via wordChange counter SV via DMMask all interrupts via wordMask all interrupts via DMClear all interrupts via wordClear all interrupts via DMAnyRefreshing IR 000Refreshing one input wordRefreshing one output wordWith word-set I/O operandsWith DM-set I/O operands8-22.60.761.02.82.6SectionCPM2A/CPM2C Cycle Time and I/O Response Time8-2Expansion Instructions without Default Function CodesCodeMnemonic---ACCON executiontime (µs)66.592.166.292.265.575.045.453.865.575.045.553.665.074.545.453.565.474.845.553.6------AVGFCS---HEX---HMS---MAX---MINConditions (Top: min.; bottom: max.)When specifying a word in independent modeand CW/CCW modeWhen specifying DM in independent modeand CW/CCW modeOFF execution time (µs)2.6When specifying a word in independent modeand Feed/Dir modeWhen specifying DM in independent modeand Feed/Dir modeWhen executing the word designation in CWcontinuous mode and CW/CCW modeWhen executing the DM designation in CWcontinuous mode and CW/CCW modeWhen changing the word designation in CWcontinuous mode and CW/CCW modeWhen changing the DM designation in CWcontinuous mode and CW/CCW modeWhen executing the word designation in CCWcontinuous mode and CW/CCW modeWhen executing the DM designation in CCWcontinuous mode and CW/CCW modeWhen changing the word designation in CCWcontinuous mode and CW/CCW modeWhen changing the DM designation in CCWcontinuous mode and CW/CCW modeWhen executing the word designation in CWcontinuous mode and Feed/Dir modeWhen executing the DM designation in CWcontinuous mode and Feed/Dir modeWhen changing the word designation in CWcontinuous mode and Feed/Dir modeWhen changing the DM designation in CWcontinuous mode and Feed/Dir modeWhen executing the word designation in CCWcontinuous mode and Feed/Dir modeWhen executing the DM designation in CCWcontinuous mode and Feed/Dir modeWhen changing the word designation in CCWcontinuous mode and Feed/Dir modeWhen changing the DM designation in CCWcontinuous mode and Feed/Dir mode3.223.223.984.227.6Average for 1 cycle (constant designation)Average for 1 cycle (word designation)592.3Adding 999 words and outputting to DM25.8Word → Word72.2DM → DM30.745.021.9713.921.9713.9When converting word to word2.6When converting DM to DMSearching one word and outputting to word2.6Searching 999 words and outputting to DMSearching one word and outputting to word2.6Average for 64 cycles (DM designation)Adding one word and outputting to word2.62.6Searching 999 words and outputting to DM507SectionCPM2A/CPM2C Cycle Time and I/O Response TimeCodeMnemonic---NEG------------------PIDPWMSCL2SCL3SECSRCHSTUPON executiontime (µs)12.012.828.3------------SUMSYNCConstant for pulse width ratioWord for pulse width ratio35.159.3Parameter word designation, word to word37.162.3Parameter word designation, word to word29.844.0Converting from word to word28.91.40 msSearching one word and outputting to a word3.42 ms34.1Constant specification, executed first scanConstant specification, executed second scanor laterDM specification, executed first scanDM specification, executed second scan orlater2.622.81.44 msWord added and output to word2.634.635.342.525.332.6Constant ratio specification, when executedWord ratio specification, when executed12.813.5Normal execution, constant specificationInterrupt execution, constant specification12.312.712.713.6Normal execution, constant specificationInterrupt execution, constant specification9.4Comparing a constant to a constant range andoutput to wordComparing a word to a word range and outputto wordComparing DM to DM and output to DM2.6Comparing a word to a word range2.6Initializing DM to DMSampling word to wordSampling DM to DM19.545.22.6DM for pulse width ratio2.6Parameter DM designation, DM to DM2.6Parameter DM designation, DM to DM2.6Converting from DM to DM2.6DM specification, searching 2,048 words andoutputting to DMDM specification, 999 bytes added and outputto DM2.6DM ratio specification, when executedWord ratio specification, when changedDM ratio specification, when changedTMHHZCPL3.330.343.446.033.4508Converting DM to DMTIMLZCP3.0Initializing word to word11.8---Converting constant to wordConverting word to wordOFF execution time (µs)392.5418.829.358.73.44 ms39.8---Conditions (Top: min.; bottom: max.)Normal execution, DM specificationInterrupt execution, DM specificationComparing DM to DM8-2Reset17.925.7IL17.525.5JMP8.18.1Reset15.617.223.625.1IL15.116.923.324.7JMP7.49.17.79.1SectionSRM1(-V2) Cycle Time and I/O Response Time8-38-3SRM1(-V2) Cycle Time and I/O Response Time8-3-1 The SRM1(-V2) CycleThe overall flow of SRM1(-V2) operation is as shown in the following flowchart.InitializationOverseeingprocessesCompoBus/Send waitInputrefreshingProgramexecutionCycletimeCycle timeprocessingOutput refreshingRS-232CservicingPeripheralport servicingNote1.

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Маленький отзыв о большом помощнике!
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Студ. Изба как крупнейший сборник работ для студентов
Тут дофига бывает всего полезного. Печально, что бывают предметы по которым даже одного бесплатного решения нет, но это скорее вопрос к студентам. В остальном всё здорово.
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Всё и так отлично
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Отзыв о системе "Студизба"
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Отличный помощник
Отличный сайт с кучей полезных файлов, позволяющий найти много методичек / учебников / отзывов о вузах и преподователях.
Отлично помогает студентам в любой момент для решения трудных и незамедлительных задач
Хотелось бы больше конкретной информации о преподавателях. А так в принципе хороший сайт, всегда им пользуюсь и ни разу не было желания прекратить. Хороший сайт для помощи студентам, удобный и приятный интерфейс. Из недостатков можно выделить только отсутствия небольшого количества файлов.
Спасибо за шикарный сайт
Великолепный сайт на котором студент за не большие деньги может найти помощь с дз, проектами курсовыми, лабораторными, а также узнать отзывы на преподавателей и бесплатно скачать пособия.
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