Диссертация (972076), страница 46

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Mark new information.1. An offer can be withdrawn at any time before acceptance because there is no considerationfor keeping it open.2. Illegal consideration will not make a binding contract. A contract containing an agreementto do anything immoral, indecent or contrary to law is void, as for example contracts tocommit, conceal or compound a crime. If only part of the consideration is contrary to law,the entire contract is void. A contract founded on a consideration naturally or physicallyimpossible is also void.3.

If A agrees with B, there being a consideration for the promise, that C shall receive a certainsum of money, C cannot enforce the payment of the sum agreed upon, or any other sum,because he is not a party to the agreement.4. The existence of a document in writing does not dispense with the necessity forconsideration. Unless the contract is under seal there must be a consideration.5. The consideration must move from the party entitled to sue on the contract. This is merelyanother way of saying that in general no stranger can sue on the contract: the personclaiming to enforce the contract must show some consideration moving from him.

This isthe doctrine of privity of contract.6. Promissory estoppel occurs when a promise is made without any consideration, but thepromisee, relying upon the gratuitous promise, takes certain action or fails to take action,to his detriment. It is not sufficient that the gratuitous promise be made carelessly orthoughtlessly; the promisor should know, or reasonably expect, that the promisee will actin reliance. Unjustified reliance on a promise does not give rise to promissory estoppel.(Example: the promise to make a charitable contribution to a church, followed byexpenditures or actions taken by the church in reliance upon the promise, would create abinding contract.) Reliance should be expected and is surely reasonable, even though thissimple promise to make a gift would ordinarily be unenforceable as lacking consideration.7.

An agreement to do one’s duty is not consideration. If a person already has a contract, anadditional agreement to perform this same contract is lacking in consideration. (Example:An airline pilot who promises to land the plane safely for a frightened passenger who offershim $1,000 cannot claim the reward; he is already contractually obligated to land the planesafely. For the same reason, a policeman is usually not entitled to a reward for capturing acriminal – he is merely doing his duty for which he is being paid).258Exercise 20. Your senior lawyer wants to use this material for an article he is writing for aRussian legal journal. Translate the following text into Russian, paying attention to grammarand vocabulary difficulties:ConsiderationHaving largely rejected formal requirements, English law has developed a doctrine ofconsideration to play the principle role in selecting those agreements which are deemed to bebinding or enforceable in the eyes of the law.

The traditional interpretation of consideration is thatit is based on the idea of reciprocity. The law of contract concerns itself with bargains. That meansthat one party must promise or to give something or to do something for the other party whopromises to perform some act. This “something” is otherwise called consideration. In other wordsconsideration is an element of a bargain indicating that each party agrees to surrender somethingin return for what it is to receive. A promisee will not be able to enforce in courts a promise givento him unless he himself has given a promise to give something in exchange for a promise or whenthe promisor has obtained or has been promised something in return. A unilateral gratuitouspromise (a gift) must be made in a form of a deed (specialty contract) precisely because of the lackof consideration on the part of the promise.Exercise 21.

Translate this article in writing for an American law school professor who doesnot speak Russian and needs to know how the common law concept of consideration isexplained in Russian legal textbooks.В английском праве под встречным удовлетворением подразумевают некоторое право,благо или выгоду, получаемые одной стороной, или ограничение права, убыток, потери, атакже ответственность, которые несет или принимает другая сторона (Currie vs. Miza, 1875).Английское договорное право исходит из того, что по соглашению должник не принял бына себя обязанность совершить определенные действия, если бы не получил за это откредитора определенные блага.

Таким образом, в основе института встречногоудовлетворения лежит принцип quid pro quo, означающий, что встречное удовлетворениедолжно быть предоставлено должником в обмен на обещание кредитора, т.е. имеет местовзаимность встречных обещаний сторон. Встречное удовлетворение являетсянеобходимым элементом простого договора, т.е. любого договора, совершенного в устнойили простой письменной форме. В отличие от договора за печатью, действительностькоторого определяется исключительно его формой и соответствующие закону условиякоторого не могут быть оспорены, принудительное исполнение простого договораневозможно, если стороны не предоставили друг другу встречного удовлетворения.

Длявозможности исковой защиты прав из договора встречное удовлетворение должно бытьнадлежащим, действительным, т.е. отвечать определенным критериям: быть законным; вытекать из конкретного договора между сторонами; исходить от одной стороны по договору в пользу другой, т.е. соответствоватьдоктрине договорной связи, согласно которой взаимные права и обязанности подоговору возникают только у его участников (подробнее доктрина договорной связибудет рассмотрена далее); иметь определенную ценность, необязательно эквивалентную ответному обещанию; не быть прошлым, т.е. совершенным до заключения договора.259 LEGAL LISTENING, READING, WRITING AND SPEAKING Exercise 22. LISTENING COMPREHENSION: Listen to a law school professor describingthe difference between the concepts of consideration and promissory estoppel.

Be ready toanswer the following questions:1. Why are law school professors spending less time on consideration? 2. What is the principal difference between consideration and estoppel? 3. Why is the promise to renew the lease legally enforceable in the first example? Is thereconsideration in the second example? Why? 4.

Is the promise in the second example enforceable? Why? –Exercise 23. Write a brief memo to your French client explaining the concept ofconsideration and summarizing the requirements to it (180–200 words).Exercise 24. Paraphrase to your client in writing the following clause from a contract. UsePlain English.The Company hereby acknowledges that in consideration for Statechem Inc. havingassumed the liability of Chem Ltd to pay to the Company $150 000 for Products delivered on 23September 2015, the Company releases all the claims which it had against Chem Scourge Ltdunder the original contract.Exercise 25.

You are an English lawyer who is to give a lecture to a class of students.Complete these mind–maps so that they can help you organize your talk.Consideration:…can be…………cannot be………Consideration: requirements and features…Requirements……260……Features…Exercise 26.

Explain the common law doctrine of consideration to your classmates. Do notforget to cover the following issues.1. What is consideration? What can be consideration?2. Executory and executed consideration;3. Requirements to consideration; must be sufficient; must be of economic value; must not be past;4. When can forbearance constitute consideration?5. What is detrimental reliance?STAGE 2.

LEGAL PROBLEMSExercise 27. Review the following vocabulary. Use it while presenting cases below.1) legal terms and phrases: The case relates to… The issue in this case is… The case involves the followingcircumstances: The facts of the case are as follows: The question before the court is… The legal issue in question is … Judging from the facts of the case,the court came to the conclusionthat … We can assume that… Since the defendant failed to … The lower court held that… The question raised by this case iswhether… The court considered… The court held… The court ruled/ argued that… The court upheld/ affirmed thedecision of the lower court.2) connectors and personal comments:to begin with;to start with;furthermore;moreover;in other words;from my point of view;in my opinion/view;to my mind;I think;I believe;I suppose;I would like to draw yourattention to the fact that…;I’d like to point out that…;in fact; actually;first of all;as well as;clearly;of course;obviously;apparently;it seems that; although;even though;whereas (formal);despite;on the contrary;however;nevertheless;the thing is (that);the question is;in relation to;as regards;moving on to;to sum up;261 finally; in summary; to finish off.Exercise 28.

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