Диссертация (972076), страница 45

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Complete the text using the words from the box.1.gratuitous, adequate, insignificant, nominal, past, fairness, benefit, moral, detriment,payment, subject, pre-existing, valuableSave for contracts made under seal, and _________ to the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act,the courts will not enforce_______ promises. There must be valuable consideration. Valuableconsideration is something of value in the eye of the law. Clearly, the ___________ of money ora promise to pay money is valuable consideration. However in the eyes of the law other acts,254however _____________, may provide valuable consideration.

For example, a promise to give£50 if you will come to my house was held to be _________ consideration in Gilbert v Ruddeard.However, as a general rule, a ________ obligation does not provide valuable consideration; forexample, a promise made in consideration of natural love and affection. Nor is a ___________legal obligation sufficient to provide valuable consideration, often referred to as ____consideration. Valuable consideration need not be ________ consideration in a sense that thecourts are not concerned as to the________ of the bargain between two contracting parties. Forthis reason payment of __________ consideration is sufficient. Valuable consideration mustsupport the promise and not the contract. That is to say there must be some __________ to thepromisee or some _________ to the promisor.2.enforceable, substitute, application, promissory, valid, proper, formal, reliance, revokesexchange, invalid, unfair.Detrimental ___________ is a legal concept under the law of contracts.

Ordinarily, a__________contract requires a proper _________ of consideration between the parties. A merepromise to do something in the future is usually not____________ unless the beneficiary of thepromise also promises to do something in return. This is called consideration, and courts often findcontracts to be or___________ unenforceable due to a lack of____________ consideration.

Strict_______________ of this rule can often lead to ________results however. Imagine that CompanyA offers a job to Employee B. Before a written contract can be signed, Employee B moves his orher family across the country at great expense. When Employee B reaches the new job, CompanyA _________ the job offer. Is Employee B out of luck merely because the contract had not yetbeen signed and there had been no ___________ exchange of consideration? No.

The lawrecognizes that, in such situations, a person’s detrimental reliance on the promise of another can____________ for the requirement of consideration. This is called____________ estoppel.3.denying, sue promisor, reliance, bound, equitable, acted, estoppel detriment, enforce,evidencePromissory estoppel is an__________ principle meant to prevent any occurrence of inequity orinjustice caused by the action of the___________ who is withdrawing from his promise which hadinitially led the promisee to act to his _____________ detriment. It was initially designed to stopa person from changing or altering his earlier representation, especially so if another person has,in ___________ upon that representation, altered his position.

According to Martin (1986),estoppel is a rule of __________ or a rule of law, which prevents a person from _________ thetruth of a statement he made or from denying facts he alleged to exist. Such fact must be one thatthe other person, to whom the statement is made, has relied and__________ acted upon or the onethat has caused him to alter his position. Promissory __________, which falls under the categoryof estoppel by representation, is applicable when one party to a contract promises the other, eitherby words or conduct, that he will not ___________ his right under the contract wholly or partially.If the other party has acted in reliance of that promise, the person making the promise will be__________ bound by it and pursuant to that, he will not be allowed to ________ on the contract.Exercise 15. Explain the meaning of the following terms to your client in plain English: valid consideration – quid pro quo – waiver – detriment – tangible property – intangible property – promisor – promisee –255sufficient consideration –past consideration –good consideration –gratuitous promise –valid claim –detrimental reliance –PUTTING THE TERMS TO USEExercise 16.Translate the following from Russian into English:1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.согласованный в процессе торга обменчем-либо, что имеет стоимостьвстречноеудовлетворениеосновывается на принципе «услуга зауслугу», («квипрокво»)придать обещанию исковую силувстречное удовлетворение может быть вформеотказаотпримененияпринудительных мерфизически неосуществимое встречноеудовлетворениеделаетдоговорничтожныммнимое обещание существует в томслучае, если кредитор по договоруимеет неограниченное право отменитьдоговор в любое время и по любойпричинеобещание, которое не подкрепляетсявстречнымудовлетворением,называется безвозмездным и не имеетисковой силыдостаточное встречное удовлетворениене всегда является соразмернымморальное обязательство не имеетюридической сущности и не можетвыступать в качестве встречногоудовлетворениявторым исключением из правила опредшествующемвстречномудовлетворении является переводнойвексельесливкачествевстречногоудовлетворения выступает отказ отприменения принудительных судебныхмер, то у кредиторa по договору должнобыть действительное намерение начатьсудебное разбирательствоприневыполненииобещанияпострадавшая сторона может требовать25613.возмещениясогласнодоктрине«обманутого доверия»лишениеправавозражениянаосновании данного обещания – этоспособ придать обязательную силуобещанию даже при отсутствиивстречного удовлетворенияExercise 17.

Translate the following sentences from Russian into English paying attention toterminology:1. Термин «обещание» используется для обозначения простой устной договорённостиодного лица с другим, которая не предполагает ни встречного удовлетворения в обмен наэто обещание, ни какой-либо соответствующей обязанности со стороны того лица,которому оно даётся.2. Обещание передать что-то в дар вряд ли может быть истолковано как обоюдная сделка,т.к. другая сторона ничего не даёт взамен.3. Встречное удовлетворение – это существо договора. Встречное удовлетворение, чащевсего, имеет денежную форму, но не обязательно. Встречное удовлетворение можетсуществовать в форме права, материального имущества (земельной или личнойсобственности), прибыли или какой-либо другой выгоды.4. Обещание действия или бездействия также может быть встречным удовлетворением.5.

Встречное удовлетворение – это стимул заключить контракт.6. Наличие встречного удовлетворения необходимо для заключения любого договора, нескрепленного печатью.7. Если невозможно предоставить встречное удовлетворение, то договор считаетсяничтожным.8. Встречное удовлетворение – это согласованный в процессе торга обмен законнымиценностями взамен за какое-либо действие или обещание действия c целью заключитьдоговор. GRAMMAR FOCUS Exercise 18. Using the Plain English Strategy rephrase these sentences avoiding the PassiveVoice.1 This means that each party must give something This means that each party mustin return for what is gained from the other give something in return for what itparty.gains from another party.2 Executory consideration is where something is tobe done in the future after the contract has beenformed.3 Executory consideration is where something is tobe done in the future after the contract has beenformed.4 Executory consideration exists when thecontracting parties make promises to each otherbecause they are promising something for thefuture, after the contract has been made.5 The transaction will be binding because someconsideration has been provided by both sides.2576 The reason for this rule is the old idea of freedomof contract, which required that the partiesthemselves should be allowed to make thebargains that suit them, without interference fromthe courts.7 The first exception is where the pastconsideration was provided at the promisor'srequest, and it was understood that paymentwould be made.8 When we ask a taxi driver to take us somewhere,or ask the milkman to leave an extra pint, we donot actually say that we will pay for those goodsand services, but it is clearly understood by bothparties that we will. TRANSLATION FOCUS Exercise 19.Translate the following from English into Russian.

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