Английский язык. Агабек (855602), страница 26
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What is a system of education aimed to?2. When does the pre-school education in Englandbegin in England, Wales and North Ireland?3. When does the compulsory education begin in England?4. What are «3R's» of the infant school?5. What are the most famous Public schools in England?6.7.8.9.216What are Grammar and Comprehensive schools?'What are Modern schools?Are there compulsory subjects in UK?What exams must be taken to enter the University?UNIVERSITY EDUCATIONIN GREAT BRITAINThere are more than 60 universities in Britain.
Butn o t all universities are equal. They differ from one another in history, tradition, academic organisation. N o tall British universities have a well-known reputation.Oxford and Cambridge, the oldest universities, are worldknown for their academic excellence. The University ofLondon has the size and breadth to rank among the UK'stop universities.
A university usually consists of colleges.The d e p a r t m e n t s of t h e c o l l e g e s are o r g a n i s e d i n t ofaculties.University teaching in the UK differs greatly at bothundergraduate and postgraduate levels from that in manyother countries. An undergraduate programme consistsof a series of lectures, seminars, tutorials and laboratoryclasses which in total account for about 15 hours perweek.Following a particular programme students take series of lecture courses which may last one academic termor t h e whole year. Associated w i t h each lecture courseare seminars, tutorials, laboratory classes which illustrate the topics presented in the lectures.Lectures are given to large groups of students (from20 to 2 0 0 ) .
Seminars and tutorials are much smaller thanlecture classes and in some departments can be on a oneto-one basis (one member of staff and one student).217Приложение 1Английский языкStudents prepare work in advance for seminars andtutorials. And t h i s can take the form of a topic for discussion by writing essays or by solving problems.a c c o u n t — счетf o l l o w i n g — следующиеs e r i e s — зд. рядLectures, seminars and tutorials are all one hour inlength, laboratory classes last two or three hours.
Eachstudent has a tutor whom he can consult on any matterwhether academic or personal.p a r t i c u l a r — определенный, конкретныйThe academic year is split into three terms. Formalteaching takes place in the first two terms which lastfor twenty four weeks in total. The third term is reserved for classes and examinations and lasts for six weeks.to l a s t — длитьсяt u t o r — репетитор, наставникto be s p l i t i n t o — делиться наto e n c o u r a g e — поощрять, стимулироватьto g r a d u a t e — .оканчивать учебное заведениеUniversities teach in all major subject areas: arts,science, law, engineering, medicine, social sciences.University staff are chosen for the best knowledge intheir subject. The teaching encourages students to learnin the most effective way. U n i v e r s i t y degree coursesextend from three to four years.
After three years of-,,study at the University graduates will leave w i t h theDegree of Bachelor of Arts or Science. They can continueto take their Master's Degree and then the D o c t o r ' sDegree.Wordsequal — равныйb r e a d t h — широтаrank — рангin a d v a n c e — заранееstaff — зд. профессорско-преподавательский составl e n g t h — длительность, протяженностьD e g r e e — степеньB a c h e l o r of A r t s — бакалавр искусствB a c h e l o r of S c i e n c e — бакалавр наукM a s t e r ' s D e g r e e — степень магистраDoctor*sDegree — степень доктораQuestions1.
How many universities are there in UK?2. W h a t are t h e two m o s t famous u n i v e r s i t i e s inBritain?3. What are two levels in university teaching?4. What are t h e forms of study in British universities?5. What areas do universities teachin?6. How many degrees do British universities offer?u n d e r g r a d u a t e — студенческий уровень обученияp o s t g r a d u a t e — аспирантский (магистерский) уровень обученияl e v e l s — уровниt u t o r i a l s — индивидуальные консультации с преподавателемper w e e k — в неделю218219Английский языкПриложение 11SAAK NEWTONThe great English scientist Isaac Newton was born inthe village of Woolthorpe, not far from the universitytown Cambridge on December 2 5 , 1 6 4 2 .
Little Isaac wasleft to the care of his mother, grandmother and unclewho sent him to school. In his early years y o u n g Isaacmade various things. He made a clock that worked bywater. He also made a sun-dial. W h e n Isaac grew older,he took a considerable interest in mathematics. His abilityas mathematician and physicist was very important. Hisfirst physical experiment was carried out when he wassixteen years old.On June 5, 1661 Newton entered the University ofCambridge where he studied mathematics.
Soon he became famous for his contribution to mathematics by thetime he was twenty-one. When N e w t o n was twenty-twoyears old he began studying the theory of gravitation.In 1665, while he was on a v i s i t in his native village, hesaw an apple fall from a tree and began wondering whatforce made the apple fall.At Cambridge Newton read with great interest thewritings of Galileo, he knew the geometry of Descartes,he worked out the methods of calculus, go when he began to think «of gravity extending to the orbit of themoon* he immediately put this idea to the t e s t of calculation.
Newton performed many experiments with lightand found that white light was made up of rays of220different colours. He invented a reflecting telescope,that was very small in diameter but magnified objects toforty diameters. Newton developed a mathematicalmethod which is known as the Binomial Theorem andalso differential and integral calculus.In 1 6 6 9 N e w t o n was appointed professor and beganlectures on. mathematics and optics at Cambridge andcontinued his work on the problem of gravitation. In1 6 7 3 N e w t o n g a t h e r e d t o g e t h e r all h i s e a r l i e rc a l c u l a t i o n s and s u c c e e d e d i n c o m p l e t i n g h i s w h o l et h e o r y .
He e x a m i n e d the a t t r a c t i o n of one m a s s byanother. He showed that a massive sphere here attractsanother as if the whole mass were in the centre. Thiswas of great importance it enabled N e w t o n to treat t h eproblems of the sun, the moon and earth like problemsof geometry. He at last justified the method of treatmentwhich he had first adopted for the problem of the Earthand Moon. The proof of his universe square law was notcomplete. He had demonstrated that the gravitation ofthe earth extends as far as the moon and keeps it in i t sorbit.
He demonstrated that this pull is in accordancew i t h the same law as that by which a stone falls to theground, namely gravity. N e w t o n ' s great work «Elementsof Natural Philosophy* was published only in the middleof 1 6 8 7 .Newton's law of universe squares joined in one simplemathematical statement the behaviour of the planets aswell as 42 of bodies on this earth. It was the first synthesisof physical knowledge. As such his contribution to scienceis unique. Isaac N e w t o n died In 1 7 2 7 at the age of 8 5 .He was buried with honours as a national hero. It wast h e first time that national honours of this kind hadbeen accorded in England to a man of science.221Английский языкПриложение 1WordsI s a a c N e w t o n — Исаак НьютонGalileo — ГалилеоD e s c a r t e s — Декарт Рене, французский ученый,1596-1650c a l c u l u s — исчислениеto put s m t h , to t e s t — подвергнуть что-либо испытанию, проверитьreflect — отражатьBinomial T h e o r e m — бином Ньютонаt h e differential a n d i n t e g r a l c a l c u l u s — дифференциальное и интегральное исчислениеu n i v e r s e s q u a r e l a w — закон равенства действия ипротиводействияin accordance w i t h — в соответствии с«Elements of N a t u r a l Philosophy* — «Математические начала натуральной философии»the l a w of g r a v i t a t i o n — закон тяготенияQuestions1.
Was Isaac Newton a bright child?2. When did Newton begin to study theory of gravitation?3.4.5.6.What did Newton find about white light?How did Newton demonstrate his discovery?What did Newton's law of universe square join?Where was he buried?TRADITIONSOF ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES.HOUDAYS IN THE USAEvery country has i t s own holidays. They reflect thehistory of the country and i t s cultural and religioustraditions.
Some religious holidays are common in different countries. They are Christmas and Easter.thAmericans celebrate Christmas on the 25 of December. They buy a lot of presents for each other, for theirparents, children and friends.stThe N e w Year's day, the 1 of January is not so widely celebrated in the United S t a t e s as we do it in Russia.Of course, the most important holiday in America isththe 4of July, The Independence Day. People like tothwatch colourful fireworks in t h e evening. The 4ofJ u l y is the day-off and people don't go to work.The holidays when people don't go to work are: Martht i n Luther King's day on t h e 20of January, LabourthDay on the 7of September and Thanksgiving on thelast Friday of November.
On Thanksgiving Americansusually eat turkey. This holiday reminds the time whent h e first c o l o n i s t s (pilgrims) from England came toAmerica in 1 6 2 0 and could s u r v i v e in the unknown land.There is still a big white stone on the shore in Plymouthin Massachusetts, that the pilgrims landed on. It is called•The Plymouth Rock*.The 3 1 s t of October is the children's most favouriteholiday — Halloween. On t h i s day children, dressed in222223Английский языкfunny dresses visit their neighbours and say «Trick ortreat!* and g e t sweets.The rest of the holidays are usually on weekends.
Theyare: the Flag's Day, Mother's Day, Armed Forces Day.Americans also celebrate Lincoln's birthday, Washington's birthday, President's Day in February.The 14th of February is Valentine's day or as it iscalled «А11 Lovers Day*.Wordsto reflect — отражатьC h r i s t m a s — РождествоE a s t e r — Пасхаwidely c e l e b r a t e d — широко празднуетсяday-off — выходнойfireworks — фейерверкturkey — индейкаto remind — напоминатьto s u r v i v e — выживатьQuestions1.2.3.4.5.6.7.What do the holidays reflect?When do Americans celebrate Christmas?atIs l of January widely celebrated?What is the most important holiday in USA?What are the holidays when people stay off work?What is and where is Plymouth Rock?What's children most favourite holiday?Приложение 1THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAThe United S t a t e s of America lies in the central partof the North American Continent between the two oceans:the Atlantic Ocean in the East and the Pacific Ocean inthe West.Canada in the North and Mexico in t h e South are theonly countries that have borders with the USA.The USA c o n s i s t s of three separate parts.
They arethe Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean, Alaska andthe main part. There are fifty States in the U S A . Theyare very different in s i z e , population and economicdevelopment. The smallest state is Rhode Island and thebiggest is Texas. The total area of the USA is about9 million square kilometres. The population is about230 million people.The USA is a big country and the climate conditionsare very different in different places.There are many big cities in the United S t a t e s : NewYork, Philadelphia, Houston, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles are the biggest of them.The USA economically is t h e most powerful countryin the world.The USA is a parliamentary republic. The governmenthas three branches: the Congress, the President and theSupreme Court.There are t w o political parties in the United States:the Democratic Party, their Symbol is a donkey, and the2248.
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