new insights into business teachers book (835558), страница 16
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to is used to specify the initial and finalpositions in a set of statistics:)The number of people employed in the UK shipbuildingindustry decreased/fell from 25,000 to 8,000 between1982 and 1987.Draw attention to the use of the past simple because ineach case past trends are being described.Students should then write a short interpretation of thegraph either individually or in pairs.
Make sure that thevocabulary from the previous activities is being used todescribe the different trends (to decrease steadily, to reacha peak, to level off, etc.).Listening1 Let students first read the text and guess what wordsare missing in each gap. Are they nouns or verbs? Youmay need to play the tape more than once so thatstudents can fill in the blanks in the description of thegraph.Unit 9 Import Export UKEY/TAPESCRIPT:In 1987 the export figures stood at 400 million Finnishmarkkaa. There was a sharp increase between 1987 and1989 when figures reached over 800 million. This wasfollowed by a sharp decrease between 1989 and 1990when Finnish paper exports to Japan dropped to 400million. There was a slight rise between 1990 and 1991when exports hit the 450 million mark but they fell againto 400 million in 1992.
Between 1992 and 1995 therewas a dramatic rise and exports of paper to Japan reacheda peak of 1,300 million in 1995, before falling again tounder 1,000 million in 1997.2 Sections of each graph are missing. Students listento the cassette to complete them. As they listen theyshould plot the data on the graphs. You may need toplay each description more than once, pausing aftereach one.TAPESCRIPT:Graph 1 - WoodWe can see on this graph that wood exports remainedstable between 1990 and 1992 at around 50 millionFinnish markkaa. Between 1992 and 1994 there was asharp increase to 500 million where exports levelled offuntil 1996, then they increased dramatically again andreached a peak of 850 million by 1997.Graph 2 - MachineryOn this second graph we see that machinery exportsdeclined gradually between 1990 and 1992.
Between1992 and 1995, however, exports of machinery rosecontinually. In 1993 they were at 400 million and in1994 they had risen to 550 million. They reached apeak of 700 million in 1995. After that, figures fellslightly^)around 650 million in 1996 and levelled offat that number until 1997.Graph 3 - ChemicalsOn this third graph we notice that exports of chemicalsremained stable from 1990 to 1992 at 100 millionFinnish markkaa.
From 1992 to 1993 there was a slightincrease(to)l 50 million. After that, exports of chemicalscontinuecfto rise steadily from 1993 to 1997. In 1995they had reached 210 million, and in 1996, theyreached a peak of 250 million and stood at this level in1997.KEY:Finland's wood exports to Japanmarkkaa (millions)199091929394959697Finland's machinery exports to Japanmarkkaa (millions)199091929394959697Finland's chemical exports to Japanmarkkaa (millions)19909192939495969739■ Unit 9 Import ExportSpeaking1 This information gap provides practice of thelanguage of describing change. Students should firststudy the information on their graphs individually andthen, in pairs, take it in turns to describe theinformation to each other.
Do one as an example withthe class. As Student A gives his/her commentary,Student В should plot the information on his/herincomplete graph using the symbols provided.Monitor, making sure that students are using the newlanguage and not simply reading (i.e. exports inNovember were $75 billion, etc.).2 Go through the vocabulary section first. Studentsmay then answer the questions. If they give differentanswers, it may be because their graphs were not drawncorrectly in the previous phase. Students should thencompare their graphs to identify where the error wasmade.KEY:1 Trade deficit2 b The trade deficit for October 1997 was $8bn.c The trade deficit for March 1997 was $8bn.3 a The lowest trade deficit was in November 1996.b The US imported the most in March 1998.c The US exported the most in October 1997.40u n i t 10Company PerformanceKey vocabularyThis section introduces some of the basic terminologyrelating to the performance of a company. Althoughstudents will already be familiar with some of theseterms such as profit, loss and costs, having studied themin previous units, the distinction between managementaccounts and financial accounts will be new to them.Stress that the presentation of company accounts andaccountancy procedures vary considerably from countryto country.
This unit concentrates mainly on theinformation that American-listed companies are requiredto provide by law - it also includes the British equivalentsof these. Add that the whole question of harmonisingthe reporting procedures for companies is an importantissue for the future of international business. You maywish to ask students to close their books and fill the gapsin the photocopiable exercise on page 70 after listeningto the cassette version.Lead-in1 Ask students what they know aboutPricewaterhouseCoopers and the services that theyoffer. A pre-listening exercise focuses attention on someof the activities that the speaker mentions on thecassette. You may need to go over the answers to thissection in order to make sure that students havegrasped the main ideas.KEY:1234FASMCSTLSABASb provide advice on financec advise on performanced provide taxation advicea check company accounts2 Students should try to complete the exercise beforelistening to the cassette.~у } .Interviewfwonder if you could each give us a brief description ofhow the departments that you work for atPricewaterhouseCoopers are organised and whatdifferent types of services they provide?Speaker 1:Of course, although it's not easy to summarise such abig organisation as ours without oversimplifying thingsa little.
In my case I work in FAS, which stands forFinancial Advisory Services and we provide financialadvice to companies around the world. We^prlriight beasked, for example, to give advice to a company that isconsidering a merger or an acquisition. Or anorganisation might require our help with arranging thefinance for some really large project like building apower station.
Another aspect of FAS deals with whatwe call 'Business Recovery and Restructuring' and herewe are usually working with companies that have runinto financial difficulties and which need to reorganise.Lastly FAS also includes Valuations, which, as its namesuggests, involves valuing businesses for companies andinvestors to see exactly what they are worth.Speaker 2:I work in MCS or Management Consulting Services andhere we tend to concentrate on advising our clientsabout the performance side of their businesses.
We dothis in a variety of ways. We can help companies definetheir business strategy, which sets out the ways inwhich they intend to grow and develop the business.Sometimes we work more on the detailed day-to-dayoperations, looking at how to improve the ways inwhich a company runs its business. We also havespecialists who review the clients' informationtechnology systems and suggest how they can beimproved and in some cases even managing thedepartment for them.Speaker 3:Clients come to us in Tax and Legal Services, or TLS, foradvice on a whole range of questions involvingtaxation.
This could involve personal tax or businesstaxes such as corporation tax. Or we might beconsulted about issues relating to international trade orfinancing a deal.Speaker 4:Since I joined the company, I've worked in AssuranceBusiness Advisory Services (or ABAS for short). Here wefocus on the accounting and auditing of client'sbusinesses. In auditing, we review the financialstatements of an organisation and provide an opinionon whether the figures presented are true.
There is alsowhat we call Transaction Support where we worktogether with clients who are involved in mergers oracquisitions to help them to get a clear picture of theaccounts and business activities of a target company.Finally we also provide evaluations of global risk andhelp companies to manage the risks that are associatedwith their businesses which in turn contributes toimproving both their management and performance.KEY:2 TLS3 FAS'issues relating to international trade''companies that have run into financialdifficulties and which need to reorganise.'4 MCS 'review the clients' information technologysystems'5 MCS 'the ways in which they intend to grow anddevelop the business.'6 FAS 'Valuations, ...'7 ABAS 'provide an opinion on whether the figurespresented are true.'41■ Unit 10 Company Performance3 This short introductory reading passage explains insimple terms what an annual report is.
The subject isdeveloped in greater detail in the main reading text.You may wish to bring in examples of annual reports atthis stage or leave this until students have read themain text. Annual reports can usually be obtained bywriting to companies directly. They are also available atthe Internet sites of major companies. Examples can befound at:US:www.ibm.com/annualreport/www.benjerry.com/fin/1998ar/index-f.htmlUK:www.marks-and-spencer.co.uk/corporate/annual99/www.bae.co.uk/annual97/home.htmlKEY:1 An annual report presents and discusses a company'sfinancial affairs to its shareholders and investors.2 Stakeholders are everyone with a financial interest in acompany, and this includes employees, suppliers,customers and lenders as well as shareholders.ReadingThis text is part of an IBM guide to help people tounderstand how financial information is presented inan annual report.
Although this is quite a complex areaof Business English, the text explains clearly andconcisely exactly what types of information can befound in the different parts of an annual report. It isimportant to point out that this particular documentdeals with the required and standard sections forAmerican listed companies. As mentioned earlier, eachcountry has its own regulations in matters ofaccountancy and this also applies to how informationis presented in an annual report.1 In this short exercise ask students to scan the textquickly and fit the headings into the text.KEY:3 Financial statementsand notes4 Selected financial data5 Management discussion6 Board of directors andmanagement78910Stockholder informationLetter to stockholdersCorporate messageFinancial highlights2 Some vocabulary may present problems andstudents may need assistance with following:compliance, lifeblood, adequacy, mission.It is also important to point out that in English we usethe word direction (para 8, line 7) to refer to wheresomething is headed - it is not a synonym for 'a seniormanagement team'.42KEY:12345Letter to stockholders (= UK shareholders)Selected financial dataManagement discussionReport of managementLetter to stockholders (= UK shareholders)Vocabulary1 KEY:2 f3 a2KEY:23456costs (expenses)currencydepositscash equivalentsassets3bKEY:4 e5 b6 d7 liabilitiesgross profit ('gross' ispronounced like theadjective 'close')9 net earnings/income8e net earnings/incomecostsc gross profitVocabulary development:nouns and prepositions1 KEY:e forb intoc in/withd inf with/ing ofh oni into/onj on/of2 A wide variety of words are possible.KEY: (suggested answers only)b an enquiry into fraudc involvement in community affairs / with localcommunitiesd an interest in the development of a companye support for a projectf satisfaction with results / in completing the reportg a percentage of salesh a tax on profitsi research into electronics / the effects of pollutionj an effect on performance / of the cutbacksLanguage FocusFractions and percentagesThis exercise provides revision of both of these areas.
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