new insights into business ocr small (835551), страница 33
Текст из файла (страница 33)
(I would like to startworking on a new project tomorrow.)• We use than to compare two or more things.On a first visit, India seems easier than Japan orChina because people speak English.• We use have to to talk about an obligation imposedby someone else.I have to attend a meeting.
(The boss has asked me toattend a meeting.)Reported speech (page 1 3 1 )• We use mustn't to indicate that it is important notto do something, for example because it isforbidden.You mustn't adjust the screen. (Don't adjust thescreen.)• We use don't have to / needn't to indicate that thereis no obligation to do something - you can do it ifyou want to, but it is not necessary.You don't have to / needn't come in early tomorrow.(You can if you want, but it isn't necessary.)U N IT 13Comparison(page 130)• We add -er to one-syllable adjectives to form thecomparative.high higherlowlower• We add -est to one-syllable adjectives to form thesuperlative.highestlowestDemand for our products is high in India, higher inChina but the highest demand is in Japan, (note thatwe use the definite article the with superlatives)• We add -ier and -iest to adjectives ending in -y.wealthy wealthierthe wealthiesteasyeasierthe easiest• There are 'irregular' comparatives and superlatives.goodbetterthe bestbadworsethe worst• We add more / less and the most / the least toadjectives of two or more syllables.importantmore / less importantthe most / least importantinterestingmore / less interestingthe most / least interestingIndia is one of the m ost exciting long-term marketopportunities in the world - and one of the mostcomplex.• A number of changes take place when convertingdirect speech into reported speech.Direct speech: 'We are totally committed to productquality,' said the Marketing Manager.Reported speech: The Marketing Manager said thatthey were totally committed to product quality.The present tense verb are in direct speech becomesa past tense verb were in reported speech.
Such tensechanges take place when the reporting verb (e.g.said, told, asked) is in the past.Direct speechReported speechPresent simple --------------*Present continuous —-----►-----►Past simplePresent perfect--------------►Past perfect------------- ---will ----------------------- ---- ►can ----------------------- ----Past simplePast continuousPast perfectPast perfectPast perfectwouldcouldU N IT 1 4Gerund and infinitive (page 1 3 9 )Gerund• We use the gerund:1 after certain verbs, for example:admitappreciateavoidconsiderdelayenjoyfinishimagineinvolvepostponeproposeriskstopsuggestThe department head proposed organising a meetingfor all staff members.This job involves analysing our sales figures.2 as the subject of a sentence.Breaking into new markets was the key to thecompany's success.Developing new products will be our main objectivenext year.169Grammar Referenceзafter prepositions, for example:afterbeforebywhenGerund or infinitive?whilewithoutThey launched the product w ithout doing thenecessary research.4 after verbs and expressions followed byprepositions, for example:to be interested into be good atto be fond ofto be for/againstto be used toinstead ofto feel liketotototototothink of/aboutlook forward tosucceed inapprove ofinsist onobject toI am interested in travelling abroad.We're looking forward to meeting the new Manager.5 after these expressions.it's no useit's not worthit's no goodto have difficultyIt's no use trying to phone him.
He's on holiday.• Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund oran infinitive.begin can't bearlove remembercontinuestarthatestopliketryI hate to work long hours.I hate working long hours.• Some of these verbs have different meaningsdepending on whether they are used with thegerund or the infinitive.to remember + gerund = to remember somethingdone in the pastto remember + infinitive = not to forget to dosomethingI remember seeing that advertisement in thenewspaper last week.I must remember to cancel the order before oneo'clock.to try + gerund = to do something as an experiment,for example to see if it is successful or enjoyableto try + infinitive = to make an attempt to dosomethingTry asking Sally. She may be able to help you.I tried not to laugh.Infinitive• We use the infinitive:1 after certain verbs, for example:affordagreechoosedecideforgethelphopelearnmanageofferplanpromiserefuseseemtendthreatenThe clients threatened to go to a different agency.I hope to find a job in marketing.2 after modals, either with or without to.The article (page uo)The indefinite article (a / a n )• We use the indefinite article a/an:1 to refer to a singular countable noun for the firsttime.I've just been given a new company car.Could you book me a hotel for next week?2 with jobs and nouns of nationality.She's an accountant.She's a Spaniard and her husband is a Scotsman.The definite article (the)Verb + infinitive w ith to:have toought toused toVerb + infinitive w ithout to:cancouldmaymightmustshallshouldwillwouldThey ought to treat their staff better.You might have problems with e-mail today.170• We use the definite article the:1 when we already know what is being talked about,or when we are referring to a specific person orthing.The car cost nearly $40,000.What's the name of the hotel we're staying in?2 when the noun referred to is the only one of itskind.the sun, the world, the Queen.Grammar Reference Я3 when we use an adjective as a noun to refer to agroup of people.the rich, the old, the unemployed, the homeless, theBritish, the Spanish.4 in superlative constructions.the fastest, the most expensive, the best, the worst.No article• We do not use an article:1 when we make general statements with plural anduncountable nouns.IFhe'cars are a major cause of-thCpollution.IFhfgas is cheaper than FkCelectricity.2 with certain types of nouns, such as school subjects,meals, and abstract nouns.I'm studying chemistry.What did you have for breakfast?Loyalty to one's company is very important in Japan.3 in certain prepositional phrases.at home, at university, in bed, by train, at night.U N IT 15could have + past participle (page 1 4 9 )• We use could have + past participle to express anopinion about a past action, and describe a possiblealternative that was not taken.She came at 10 o'clock.She could have come earlier.
(But she didn't)I went to Spain on holiday.I could have gone to Portugal for the same price. (But Ididn't)• We can also use could have + past participle toexpress a criticism of something that someone hasdone.You could have told me that you were going to take aday off. (Why didn't you tell me?)Nouns (page 149)Proper nounsCommon nouns• Most common nouns are countable and can takean indefinite, definite or no article depending onthe context.We bought a new computer.The new computer isn't working.Computers don't break down very often.• Some common nouns are uncountable and take asingular verb form.
They cannot take the indefinitearticle.informationprogressmachineryequipmenttroublemoneyadviceworknewstrafficfurniturecashWe need the information before we make a finaldecision.(NOT an information)• Nouns ending in -ics are often singular.economicspoliticsethicsmathematicsPolitics is a subject to be avoided.• Some common nouns have only a plural form andtake a plural verb.arrearssurroundingspremisesgoodsclothesheadquartersthanksOur premises are being renovated at the moment.Our headquarters are situated in Amsterdam.• Some nouns can have both a countable and anuncountable form:timeauthorityexperiencechocolateagelifeadventurefruitThat news item will take too much time.How many times have I heard that?• Some nouns can have both plural and singular verbforms.teampublicgovernmentcommitteegroupmediastaffThe media is / are considering self-regulation.• Proper nouns refer to people or places which areunique; they begin with a capital letter.Philip Morris is a very famous company.France is a member of the European Union.• Some nouns look singular but have a plural verbform.policepoultryclergyThe police are investigating the allegations.• Plural names, public institutions and newspaperstake the definite article.the United Statesthe National LibraryThe Timesthe Himalayasthe European UnionThe Independent171WordAa b ility p.17a b o u t p.101abroad p.45account p.56a ccountant p.98accounts p.36acquisition p.24, p.56, p .1 16action p o in t p.122activate p.69active p.69activism p.69brokerage p.76com m ercial p.136, p.142brokerage firm p.102com m ercial bank p.56b u d g e t p .1 18comm ission p.76b u ilt-in p.58co m m itm e n t p.67bulletin p .1 50c o m m o d ity p.108assessment p.38bureaucracy p.87asset p.98business card p.53business plan p .1 14com m on share (GB) com m onstock (US) p.74audience p.
126, p .1 44a u d ito r p.98a u th o rity p.44autocratic p.145A u to m ate d Teller M achine(A T M ) p.57availability p.50business school p.45b ust-up p .1 18buy o u t p.78b u yin g decision p.126com m on thread p.126com m unications p.16c o m m u n ity p.67com pany p.4com pany o ffice r p.4com pany secretary p.106a w a rd -w in n e r p.19caware p.38(raise) awareness p.67call o ff p.78, p .1 16com p la in t p.29com plex p.87cam paign p .1 25candidate p.14co m p lim e n t p.46calculator p.146co m p e te n t p.16co m p e titio n p.26com pliance w ith p.100activist p.69acumen p.136Вad p.134capital p.34co m p o n e n t p.87backing p.145career p.15, p.16adequancy p.98adland p.136b ack-office p.108careless p.38com prom ise p.63, p .1 18co m p u te r program m er p.19BACS (Bankers A u to m a te dcash p ,4 1 , p.60, p.149cash flo w p.98com puterised p.36concept p.145adm en p.136Clearing Services) p.58adm inister p.38adm inistration p.36balance p.60balance o f paym ents p.95cash flo w statem ent (GB)p.98adm inistrative p.27advantage p.108advertise p.14co n d uct business p.67co n fidential p.38balance o f trade p.95balance sheet (GB) p.98ban p.135cash m achine p.57Cash O n Delivery (C O D )p.61advertisem ent (for) p.14,p.100co n flict p.63consignee p.90construct p .1 14bank note p.57cashpoint p.57consultant p.50, p.76Bank o f England p.58advertising p.26casual w o rke r p.36advertising agency p.136bank statem ent p.57ban kin g p.56consultation p .1 1consum er p.25advertising cam paign p.136advertising fee p.34bargain p.27catalog (US) catalogue (GB)p.67behavior (US) b e haviour (GB)agenda p.122catch on p.120p.16, p.126believe in p.8belong to p.8catch up p.76cause p.65aisle p.32alliance p.124casualty p .1 25consum er goods p.29co n tra ct p.27, p.50co n tra ct o u t p .1 1co n trib u te p.67control p.27controversial p .1 35a m o u n t to p.76analyse p.15bilingual p.110bill p.57cell phone (US) p.145central bank p.56ce rtify p.97chairperson p.4, p.122challenge p.36channel p.144bill o f lading p.90CHAPS (Clearing Houseanalysis p.16billboard p.136analyst p.76, p.98, p.145anecdotal p.16biodegradable p.66biodiversity p.67charge p.40A nnual General M e e tin gboard m eeting p.108chartered accountant p.108Board o f Directors p.4check p.16boast p.36bond p.74, p.149checkbook (US) chequebook(GB) p.57cost-effectiveness p.58bonus p.15checkout p.32applicant p.14costs p.41b o o kin g p.36application p.14co u n te rp a rt p.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
