new insights into business ocr small (835551), страница 32

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It is best tolearn these or use a dictionary if you are unsure.- sometimes- occasionally- rarelyDogoodyourbestharm- hardly ever(someone) a favourMakean appointmenta choicea startalwaysarrangements an attemptprogressmoney0%neverWe always try to meet our deadlines.We are hardly ever late.We occasionally have problems with our suppliersand this sometimes causes delays.165IGrammar Reference• We can use more precise expressions of frequency.Once / twice / three times a day / week / month / yearEvery hour / day / week / month / yearHourly / daily / weekly / monthly / yearlyWe hold departmental meetings once a month.The individual teams meet every week.We update the sales figures monthly.• We can use hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and yearlyas both adjectives and adverbs.We hold weekly meetings, (adj)We hold meetings weekly, (adv)UsedtO (page 39)• We use used to + infinitive to talk about things thathappened regularly in the past but have changednow.They used to live in London.

Now they live in Madrid.I used to go to work by bus. Now I take my car.Be/Cet used to(page 39)• We use be used to to talk about things we don'tmind doing because we have become familiar withthem.I'm used to office work. (I don't mind it now, but itwas strange at first)• When be used to is followed by a verb it takes theing form.I'm used to working in an office.• We use get used to to talk about the process ofbecoming familiar with something that is new.I qidckly got used to working in an office.UNIT 5T h e im p e r a tiv e (page 49)• The imperative has the same form as the infinitivewithout to.• We use the imperative to give orders, instructionsand strong advice.Complete this form and send it by e-mail.Make sure that you take your passport with you.• We use the auxiliary verb do to form emphatic andnegative imperatives.Do visit us again.Don't be late.• We can use question tags with imperatives.Check the records, would you?could you?will you?166Adjectives and nouns of nationality(page 50)• To talk about the inhabitants of a countrycollectively, we use a noun which is the same as theadjective of nationality.Private space for the Japanese is virtually non-existent.• To talk about individual inhabitants, we may:1 use the adjective of nationality.a Japanese, an American, two Canadians2 add man or woman to the adjective.a Frenchwoman, three Irishmen3 use a different word.a Pole, a Spaniard, some Finns• To talk about a language, we use the same form asthe adjective.In Holland most people speak Dutch, English andGerman.UNIT 6First and second conditional (page 62)First conditional• We use the first conditional to talk about theconsequences of something which may possiblyhappen in the future.I f you transfer your money to a deposit account, you'llearn more money.I'll give you a five per cent discount if you pay cash.• We use a present tense in the if clause, and a futuretense in the main clause.Second conditional• We use the second conditional to talk aboutsomething which we think is unlikely to happen,or to refer to an imaginary situation.What would you do if you lost your credit card?I f I had more money, I'd invest it on the StockExchange.• We use a past tense in the if clause and would +infinitive in the main clause.• When the if clause contains the verb be, we usuallyuse were not was, especially after I.I f I weren't so tired I would gladly help you.• We often use the expression I f I were you to giveadvice.I f I were you, I would take travellers' cheques, notcash.Grammar ReferenceUNIT 7Expressing contrast+ subject + verbHe enjoys his job, although he would like moreresponsibility.Even though she works long hours, she still finds timefor other things.She's never been to Russia, though she's fluent inRussian.+ nounor+ verb + -ingdespitein spite ofEvery item is checked forquality.Present continuousWhole forests are beingdestroyed.Present perfectNothing has been touchedsince you left.Past simpleThe company was foundedin 1903.Past continuousThe machinery wasn'tbeing used efficiently.Past perfectA decision had alreadybeen made.(page 70)• There are several ways of expressing contrast inEnglish.althougheven thoughthoughPresent simpleDespite the recession, we achieved record profits.They still think they'll win the election, in spite of therecent opinion polls.I haven't finished that report yet, despite workingovertime last night.UNIT 8The third conditional(page 79)• We use the third conditional to talk about actionsor events which did not happen in the past, andthe imaginary consequences.I f you had bought shares in Norcros, (but you didn't)you would have made a lot o f money, (but you didn't)The employees would not have gone on strike (but theydid)if the company had improved their pension scheme.(but they didn't)• We can also say despite the fact that or in spite of thefact that, followed by a clause.Despite the fact that I worked overtime last night, Ihaven't finished that report.• We use the past perfect tense in the if clause, andwould have + past participle in the main clause.The passive• We can 'mix' clauses from second and thirdconditional sentences to talk about:(page 70)• When we use an active verb form, we are moreinterested in the person or thing doing the action(the agent).Anita Roddick opened the first branch of The BodyShop in 1976.• When we use a passive verb form, we are moreinterested in the person or thing affected by theaction.The first branch o f The Body Shop was opened in1976.• If we want to mention the agent we use by.The first branch of The Body Shop was opened by AnitaRoddick in 1976.1 present consequences of past actions.I f I had bought more shares (but I didn't, in the past)I would be rich, (but I'm not, now)2 possible past consequences of imaginary presentsituations.I f I lived in Germany (but I don't, now)I would have got a better interest rate last year, (but Ididn't, then)UNIT 9The future(page 91)• The agent is often not important.Our products are made entirely of recycled materials.Maria has been promoted.• We use will:1 to express a decision made at the time of speaking.Have you booked the hotel?No.

I'll do it now.• We use the verb be + past participle to form thepassive. There are passive forms of most verb tenses.2 to make a prediction.Our products will sell well on the Japanese market.3 with adverbs of certainty, probability andpossibility.We will probably have to adapt our advertisingstrategy for the export market.167Grammar Reference4 in the main clause of a first conditional sentence.I f they increase import duties, we won't be able tomanufacture competitively.5 to talk about a future fact or part of a process.Next year, this company will be fifty years old.First the export manager will talk about the marketpossibilities in general and then he'll give us somefigures.• We use going to:2 to make a prediction based on the presentsituation.Prices are going to go up because import duties arerising.See page 165 for more information on presenttenses with future meaning.UNIT 1 0Fractions and percentagesFractions(pagewo)• Most fractions are expressed using ordinal numbers.a third (%)a fifth (%)a sixth (%)A third of all our employees are women.Four fifths of our customers are satisfied with ourproducts.• There are some exceptions.a half (%)a quarter (%)three quarters (%)three and a half (3 %)two and three quarters (2 %)Three quarters of the working population are men.Percentages• When talking about interest rates we sayThe Central Bank raised / lowered interest rates by aquarter o f one percent.

(0.25%)Interest rates are up / down half (of) a percentagepoint. (0.5%)UNIT 11(page i n )Defining relative clauses• We use defining relative clauses to add essentialinformation to a sentence.Which company are you talking about?I mean the company that made an offer for mine.168To refer to peopleTo refer to thingsSubjectwho, thatwhich, thatObject(who, that, whom*)(which, that)Possessivewhose*Whom is mainly used in formal, written English.1 to talk about a decision already made, an intention.Next year, we are going to invest in a new plant.Relative clauses• We use these relative pronouns to introduce adefining relative clause.• We can omit the relative pronoun when it is theobject of the relative clause.Some of the applicants (who/that) we interviewed werevery highly qualified.The job (that/which) they asked us to do was almostimpossible.Non-defining relative clauses• We use non-defining relative clauses to add nonessential information to a sentence.The company, which was started in 1983, is reducingits workforce.• We use these relative pronouns to introduce a non­defining relative clause.To refer to peopleTo refer to thingsSubjectwhowhichObjectwho, whomwhichPossessivewhose• We cannot use the relative pronoun that in a non­defining relative clause.• We cannot omit the relative pronoun in a non­defining relative clause.• We usually use commas to separate a non-definingrelative clause from the rest of the sentence.The manager, who was in his late fifties, acceptedearly retirement.UNIT 12M o d a l v e r b s o f o b lig a tio n (page 121)• These modal verbs can be used to express differentdegrees of obligation.Obligation ornecessityMild obligationor adviceAbsence ofobligationor necessityhave tomust/mustn'tneed toshould/shouldn'tought todon't have todon't need toneedn'tGrammar Reference• We use must to talk about what we personallyconsider to be important.I m ust finish this report today.

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