karlov-kirichenko-kvantovaya-mekhanika-2016 (810755), страница 18
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!# (−1)l < !# ! !! ' - !& A B ! !54! -! !# PA PB !! ! " PA PB '54! ( - !& !5 ('5 ! !(05 9 "( 26( & !5 '4 ".5* 26& - !& "4 264 ! !"#IAA5$ 6 7! 4G ! ! !(14 ' n - !6 '& !41* \ " ; " D; c "(!& !5M∂Ψ= ĤΨ,ABI Ĥ = T̂ + Û .ABIi∂t "#! ! D # T̂ 3 ! !- & 0'41* ! - !6MT̂ =ip̂2i2mi,ABI Û 3 ! 541& '& ! - !6 0& ; "( /- -! 0' ! (! ! T̂ ! ! ( ! '& !( Û ! 05- ! .! !;4 0'4 7 " ! ! '& ! "( !"# !(( ,- .Z- @ K+ :(# +.Z-6- e! )2)K/ /& 2- !6 ! 4 '& !( - !6 ' !# 5' I ;! !# IAIÛ =U0 ( |ri − rk | ).ABIi, k?& ! ! ! (P̂ Û ) = Û "( ! '& !( -%'& ! - !6 0"41* "#5 ! "!.- " - !6 41* !5& ! µ !5" Û (d, E) = −dE,Û (µ, H) = −µH,ABIN! ("(! ( !5 "# "- ! Û*! "( ' * "(5* ! ! 3* "#5* ! "-( !6( ! ! .* "-(* ! !! 05- "!! " "#( '& !( ' " -! ' ' .! "5 "#! !4! ( 0' '( =! '.-! -!P̂ (ĤΨ) = Ĥ(P̂ Ψ)," P̂ Ĥ − Ĥ P̂ = 0.ABIO9 0' "#! ! -! ! !4! "!"# ( -! !# ! !# "5 '-( C " -"#5& ! -! !# " ." '- ! ("(! ( *(41& ( "-&< ! ! !( "464 !5< !# ! t = 0 ! ( !( "& -! !#49 " 4 ABI Ψ(r, t + Δt) = Ψ(r, t) +1iĤΨ(r, t)Δt = 1 +1iĤΔt Ψ(r, t).
ABKB/! !(1& 0* ("(! ( -!5 <! ' ABKB ".! -! 26 Ψ(r, t) Ψ(r, t + Δt) 4! 4 -! !#% - ! ! " Ψ(r, t) 3 -!( 26( ! ! Ψ(r, t + Δt)! -!( 26( , " "5&; Δt -! !# "& 26 '" # 7 ! '-! -! "40& -5& 3 "5& 3 ; !"(41& 4"5* ; -! !# '! (?' !"(! M ""#! !5 (! ( 0' .! ! -! !# "& 26 *(! ( "! ' ' "!!5* 6 * -! !#" *(!# (IAK8! " # ("(! ( 0' / ! ( !#4 ! "( ' '- '"!# "5& ."& ! 5& 0!"#5&M !( "(! ("5 "5 ! j F"& ! "(! ! !'"-( ! !"# 1( "(! " '"-( "( ="!! '"- "5 ! ."# j = 0 ' "# 0"" 05 2- & .!& =! ' " ! - ! "!.!5* " <! '5! ( j 1 ! !& "& " ! (! -! 2! 6 ! "# '. ! "# C " ! 2! j -! !# P ! !( 0'-4!" j π π = sign P 3 ' - " P 7 j = 1, P = −1 " 1− 8!5 ! 0'5!# ( ' -! '( "& '(" !5* ! - !6 0'41* '"-414 !?!! ! '"-4! "41 !5 2!A 8! ! j -! !#4 P = (−1)j '54! 2j ."#.5 "!- 2! 0'-4! Ej .2! E1, E2, .
. . ) D- j = 1 !-! "# 2j = 2) '"-4j = 2 3 "# 2j = 4) '"-4 j = 3 3 !"#2j = 8) '"-4 ! I 8! ! j -! !#4 P = (−1)j+1 '54! 2j ."#5!5 2! 0'-4! M j.2! M 1, M 2, . . . )9 0' '5 "41 !(( 2!ME1 (1− ), E2 (2+ ), E3 (3− ), . . . ,M 1 (1+ ), M 2 (2− ), M 3 (3+ ), . . .ABKA 0* '5 "#!!5 0'-( ! 2!% - ! ! "!- "# '"- 0'4! ( 2.!5 ! j = 1 -! !#4 P = −1 =! 2!5 0'-5" E A " 1− < ! "# '"- (.! ( !5& ! !5 0'4! ( 2!5 ! j = 1 -! !#4 P = +1 =! 2!5 0'-5 " M 1 " 1+ - ! (!# '6 5 "-( '"41* 0& ="!- "# '"- '! (! ( "#5& ! !5 7 ! ("(! ( "(.5 ! -! !# −1 =!& -! !#4 0"4! '"-5 2!5 7 -! !& !6 !5 (.! "( "#& ' 5E=1c2 r[[d̈n]n],H=1c2 r[d̈n].ABKI,- .Z- @ K+ :(# +.Z-9- '( "()! "# '"- '! (! ( !5&! !5 µ 7 ! µ ("(! ( "#5 ! -!.
!# +1 =!& -! !#4 0"4! 5 2!5< ! "!- ! "( "#& ' 5 && -!!# -! ! ( "( 26(2! 4 ! 05" " * !"#5* !* " 7 !IAE=1c2 r[nµ̈],H=1c2 rABKK[[µ̈n]n].) ! '!# -! "!- "# '"- 6.! ( 6""(6( '( '5 "(5 ! ).! "# '"- 6! ( 1 '( ! 5 ! (41 ( ! '5 "#.5 ! ABK !5 !! !?"! !!!# 0 !(!"# ! %! "#.! "(! ( " '( ! ! d =ei ri !i ! ! ! "(! ( ! !( '(1 µ =ei [ri , vi ] <! ! !# ! "# '.2c i"-( IM =2µ̈23c3! "!"#5& !"# ∼ (υ/c)2 IA◦' ," "5 ! "! ∼ 5000 U = 5 · 10−5 '! ( 10−8 D-! " ! BBB ' 0"#;' ! ' "#'( !# !4 Ψ.264 !(05" 05 ! ' ! <! ! 1 !! ! ."M ! "- ! ( 5& ! 2! 6 2! ; ! & "(! %(! !#'"-( (1 ! 5& 6 & 107 ÷ 108 '#; - '"-( (1 ! 5& 65* @< !# !4 ! " ; '& ! /.- ( "- ! *! ( " "!!& "5@ -!!# -! ! " ' ! "( ! 41& 5& E1 E2 5" " @M4 ! !#4 "!- "# '"-( IE =ω = E2 − E1 .= 3 =! '-! -! "5* !(* (* - !6 υ c)3c!# 0! "!- '"- " ."0- ! ( '15 " "# "5 .4 !5 '"- ? !- '( !& * . ! '-! -! *5 ('5 ' !.
! "5 !!# "& (! !#4 4* 1 !"(5 ' "# !9- ! ! !# "# '"-( " 1 2Qαβ ∼ IE (υ/c)2 "! "(! ( 2"& IQ =180c5%01 ! !# "!- j ."# '"-( IEj ∼∼ (υ/c)2(j−1) IE ! !# ! j ."# '"-(IM j ∼ (υ/c)2j IE 5 " IE ≡ IE1 ) <! 05-5* "(* ! "!- "# '"- =!! 5 5-! "' !5* 65* *<5 5; 2"#5 55 ( !# 1#40" "(5* *!( !* 0&C " 2! 1 6! !5 ! ! !(! "#5& .! "- ! ( ('5& !"# 2! ! !!(! 6 ! C " ! ! 2! ; -! .!! !! 2j ."# '"-4 j 2 ! ! ! !(.! 1 !5& 0!"#5& ! "- ! ( 7 .
! !- ' ,& !!"# " 2! ! ( ' ( ! .! ! "- ! ( !F " ABK 0* !!- %4 "# !! '(! ( ! !( !5 * ( & )5 *!' !(( !5 .1#4 0 !5* - " * '( & ! '"-(!4# '"#5 -! ! 1 !4 " ."5* -& " !0 !"41* !5 .!5 *5 ( !5 " ; '& !(G ! 6 '& ! ! " "1. 2! 2" 5 " !08'- 0 " !0 -# ! 0 '"- ".!!5* " "! ="! ! .5* "!- &'( .!5* 0 !5& !5& ! ? " - & !-'( ! ' "0 '"#!! ( "!-. '( "0 '"#!! ! ! !%5; 05" !" -! ! (' !.5 ! *!( 01 ( 1 !! ("(! ( -# ".05 % !- & ! " '-!# -# "05 "! ! ('5 ! 0 ! !. ! "! 0!# % !(' '( 5 !5 ! ".! ?"!"# "& " (!# ( '"- ! * ( # /! 4 5!! "M2d̈2ΔS = 0.ABK ABK,- .Z- @ K+ :(# +.Z-9- '( "(?"! !"# !# -! ! " ("(! ( -# !-# !-5 / "( "#5* "&," -! -! (! !# ! -! 15& 2! ! .! "# 0"#; 65 " "# "(!5 ("(.4! ( 6 5 "#!"#5 "#5 !"#5 !;<! 2! ! !(! 6 ! ".1 - "-!?-!( -! '"- ("(! ( "!- "#5 '"4--! ! ! ( -5& ! C " ! ;" " ! - ! ! "( ! !" 6 " " -M ΔJ = ±1 C " ! &! "( " ! ! '! ( "4 "-M ΔJ = 0 <6( ! (! ( !- ! 0' ?"!"# ! *5 '5 !5* "1 2! ! ( !5 5; '.( !5* - " J mMΔJ = 0, ±1, Δm = 0, ±1.ABK/ 05& "-& -"#5& ! ! "4 < "#2! 0('!"# " ! -5& ! ! ' *.( ! ! " "-!# -5& ! 70! " '"#!! ( 2! ! ! '" ( 5 "4 !"! '!# -! '"-( ! " -5& ! % " -5& ! !5 ! 2! ! 6e-"#5& ! 5& -"# ! ! ! " .(!# ( 6 9 0' & 0& !6 '" ΔJ = 0 "4-! (G ! "-& ! (' ' .!(( "! !"#5 '!4! ( =!! "!" ! 64 m F-! 2"5& 5; ' .*( -! ! % ! &- "!- "#'"- -! !# E1.2! Pγ = −1 < !# "! (! & .!M l1 → l2 9 ' *( -! ! ! * '-!-! " 5"(!# ( !<( ! ! -# ! 4 " !0 !& 2 !& 05- "#'4! (C " -"#5& -5& !5 ! !"-5 ! "( !IA(−1)l1 = (−1)l2 Pγ .ABK/! 4 5!! " !0Ml1 − l2 = ±1.ABKN9 0' *5 0' '( 0!"# ! ! Δl = 0) '15 ' *( -! ! <*5 |Δl | >> 1 '15 ' *( ! "# "# !2! "# '"- A =! "( "(4!' ! !M ΔL = ±1/!! ! -! ** !"#5* "! 0 ""5*!5 "#5 '"- -! !# 2! Pγ = +1 <! !* ** " 5"(!# ( " !0 ΔL = 0IAΔJ = 0, ±1, ΔmJ = 0, ±1;ΔL = 0, ±1, ΔmL = 0, ±1;ABKOΔS = 0.% !* "-(* -"#5& " -5& !5 5 "4 ! 6 * - ! ! "! " ΔJ = 0 ΔL = 0 "4-4! (MΔJ = ±1;ΔmJ = 0, ±1 Jнач = 0 " Jкон = 0,AB BΔL = ±1; ΔmL = 0, ±1 Lнач = 0 " Lкон = 0 AB A" ΔmJ = 0 ΔmL = 0 ! '5 "# "& ! ! !# "4 64D! -! " !0 - ! '54! " '! ( '! 1 !" * "!(41* "(ABKO : AB A <- ! -! ! " 0 ""5 0*.
!#4 5"( ' *( " "1. 2! ! 0 ! !5 0"! C " *' !(( 1 !"(! ( 1#4 ! ! !*" '! ! '5 *5 * ! 9 0'5'"-.!"#5 *5 *(! "! " (* ! ;f $ <@C A..-.- QN :)(!+# & :IAOñâåòNSNSNSλ /4 .= 7 # .8. % 51* "* 5 ;" (!4 !!"( # ! .'"#!! 5! c! : >"* "' 0"! !* 1"-.5* !"" < ! !# ! 0 !5& !5&! "! ("(! ( ! '5 22! D=22! D '"4-! ( ' - !!5 !"#5* ".& & ! ; ! "( " '"-4.14 " "1414 !4 ! - !!5* '&1 !5 ("(! ( *! "('6 '"-( 1 ! 22! DG ! -" " - 4 ! 0"4( 22! .*(14 ! 5! <! D /5!5 " #"( -# '& '"."0& " ( ) "4 "!.! 5 " ( !#4 10 ÷ 15 = " .!- "&-! ! ?- ! " ! ".4! !! ! -!05 05" ! 0"4 !"# "( ! '55& -5& 22! "# "( ."#5& 22! ?* 5! D !" AAA<" ! λ/4 ' 7"( "'4! *! "('6! !2 3 !,"( !5* !5* "& ! !"# "#5* "(* '"#.!!5 "( "- H s^ Pl (! ( "41+( 41( ! ! ! "( - !! ν 1"(! ( % .- " 0"4! ( !"! - !! ν + Δν ν ν − Δν + ν ± Δν "('5 "( ! "4 =! !'55 σ .!5 ="!- " σ .! ."( ; ! "4 <"('6( 1& .!5 ν !! !! "0( "!- ! "# "(-41 "( 3 ! π .!% "# 22! "( !"(! ( 0"! - !!.
ν + Δν ν − Δν - !5 ! 0"! 4! 4"('64 !"5* "& " !! ! ! ! π .!5 6"( "('.5* ! 4! ! ! σ .! 5 ( ' * "0 π .!52 :0) , =?? /)U λ/4 T Bi T +) B p T 1B N S T ? )1B )4, ?) )1 T )11 %"- 1( - !!5 Δν 6"# ! "4, !( 05- ! ( !* "-(* -# '!"#. AAIÏîëÿ íåòν − Δνσν − Δνν + ΔννπσÏîïåðå÷íûé ýôôåêòν + ΔνÏðîäîëüíûé ýôôåêò2 : /),- ..- 722) ?..-0- $)/ (/ 522) ?G " ! !& " ' 5 !& "- <* Δν = 0 H → 0 " "4! ( ( ! .
!# !! ( & *&%"- - !!5 " 5- "!# < !# ! ! ! "(6! !!"#( " 0 -41( "!IIB-e -4! ! & 6.vIIA-ev9 -! 5 &- !" !# (" ! '5 " 1)) ; 7"#5& 22! ! (" - "' 5" +6 "!.5* !"& <-!"# "!# ' ('"- *!- ! !! ( ! * '"#!! ( "! ! - '! & ! '& "5 9 ' '"-( !#'"#!! '( ( "! ' -! "!"#& "5!& ! " & !! 1& ( "! =! "+6M 1)eF = − [v, H].cAAA9# '" "0!"# "! ! ! ! ."( - "0 "# "( ! "( 5 5 ( 0 " ! "(& ."4 "( ' * 1( 3 " 74 ! " & !! ! sin ϕ = 0 ϕ 3 " ! % "- 5* ! "!& !4! 0-5 "5 ± eυH/c "5 ! "0!"# "# "( !! ( '5 ,.( 0!4! 0"#;4 " #;4 - !! ' ! ! ! "-! ( " #;! ( 6! !!"#.( "7 ' " '( !! !! ! .*!- "0( - !! ν + Δν ν ν − Δν C " 5 ! "( "4 ! - !! ν !.! !414 "04 "! "# "( ! π .! "0( ν + Δν ν − Δν !! !41 "04 "! ."( "4 ! σ .!59 +6 0J( (! ( 0"4 "# !"! 5!D% " "# ! "( ! ν 0! '"-!# ( " - ! "!!5* " !!5 ν ±Δν !(! ( 6"( "('5* " " 1( D'( "(! " 1( AAK / '" ( !6.!"#5 "!1)7 1 ) =+-) + @−eAB - -, e b .2 ( - /)0 -! ( ' !( −κr 9 ( - !! ω! ( "κr = me ω 2 r, ω = ω0 = κ/me .AAI< ' "( 6! !!"#( " (! ( < ! "(" '5! (eκr = me ωл2 r + υл H,AAKc "( eκr = me ωп2 r − υп H.AA c7 υл = ωл r υп = ωп r 9 ( AAK AA ;! ( eme ωл2 r + ωл rH − κr = 0,me ωп2 r+ ωп rH − κr = 0.cG;( !* & !#ωл = −ωп =AAceeH2me ceH2me c++κmeκme++e2 H 24m2e c2e2 H 24m2e c2,AA.)5 !" !"# ' + "# ! ( !"#.
"!"#5 ( ( -! κ/me = ω02 .; !5& # AA κe2 H 2e2 H 2+ 2 2 = ω0 1 + 2 2 2 .me4me c4me c ω0,- ..- 722) ?III..-L- 722) 4( /=! "- "!# "" ! !- ω0 9ωл = ω0 − Ω,AAωп = ω0 + Ω,Ω=eHAAN2me c !# - !! " & 6 ? - !!5 5&Δν =Δω2π≡ωп − ω02π=Ω2π=1 eH4π me cAAO, "1 1)) ; < "# 0"4.
"- "# '.22! '( "( "1('! ( 1"(( !4 ? & ' ! ! (! 5 AAO "( 5* "('6& ' "(1(9 ( ' "# "1 ! ("#& & 0!5& 22! D ! . 5* 5* - '"- "( ! & "& .& "('6 ?*!- ! !!# AAn'5! ( 6"#5 "4 ! 0"4" # .! <"-41 ( ' 5! '- e/me *; ! ' !.5 '- "( "!9 0' 5!5 D +6 " 5-! "!- '( "(41 !- & ! !("(! ( "! =! & !!"# !7 5 ' -! "! ! 5! ( .!5 ' / - &! ! 422! D ! 22! 8(" ( %!% AN ) 8& 0" 1 " ! "('6!5* " '41 & ! ! "(( 5! ! AA <" "('5& ! ! ("# ! "( 7"# h2 '"(! "!# " !N1N2SNS2 :0) =?? " ! "('6 =!! " ' ! ! "( !.( ! 6" "- "( " ! ! 1 !Mϕ = V LH,AAAB V 3 *!( "( 1 ! !(( %< & ! 22! 8( ! (' 22! D ,&.!!"# 22! D 0"4! ( !"# "(* '"-(IIKωω02 :1 0 0 @"0, A @"0 A ,10 +5' ! -! "( '& - !!5 '!" ""( "( " !"-4! ( ! < "# ! ! !"-4 2'5* !& !! !41* " '"#!! '.! 1 " ! "('6 "& "(' !/ ! ( ! " - & ! 22! 8()5 " 22! 0"441 ( "# ! .!"# ! "( " ! -! 22! D .4! ( "5 & "('6& 0 1& - !!&ω = ω0 ± Δω) < ! "5 & "('6& Ex(п) = E0 cos (ω t − kп z) ,πEy(п) = E0 cos ω t − kп z +AAAA 2"( "-( !& "('6 Ex(л) = E0 cos (ω t − kл z) ,πEy(л) = E0 cos ω t − kл z −2AAAA 0,- ..- 722) ?II..-3- / (/ 522) ?"( "-( "!& "('6 <"! ( -! " "5 !(4! ( " z /0'-kп = k + α,AAAIkл = k − α.$ -! ! & 6.<& !# !& !! 22! D)5 ' -! 01 "! 0- "! ! ! '4 ! "( !5 !?'6( " AAAA AAAA 0 !(л)(п)(л)(п)μl = −Ex = Ex + Ex = 2E0 cos (αz) cos (ω t − kz) ,Ey = Ey + EyAAAK= 2E0 sin (αz) cos (ω t − kz) .% - z ! "& "('( " / " .
!# "('6 ! L -! ( "AAA ϕ = αL.?( " 1( '!"( ""( "( !! !4.1* " < "4 2'& ! AAAI ωυп =k+α,υл =ωk−α? & !5 2'( !# ('!; υ = c/n ! -!nп =cυпc=ω?"!"# nп − nл =α=ω2c(k + α),2cωnл =AAA.'!" ""(c=υлcω(k − α).AAAα "(nп − nл ) =πλ(nп − nл ) .AAA( -! '!"# ""( ' ! ! - !!5 *dndn dλeHdnΔn ≡ n(ωп ) − n(ωл ) = (ωп − ωл ) = 2Ωλ2 .=−2dωdλ2π me cdλ dωλ2V =αH=π Δnλ H=−eλ22 me cdndλ.AAAN! -! ' " ! " ! "('6 ' !! "( !( ! 3 "4 " ! "( =!(' ! -! ( !# ! "( 5! ( ."#5 ! " ! '! ( "0-e2me cL = −μБ l.AAAOD # 5 " ! @μБ =eAAIB2me c 0''5& ! ! l = L//( # "(5 !"( " - & 2' 5 -! !5& ! .H" 6 ! <" !! ( '.!# ! "# "( =! .(! !! 6( 1( "!<"-! ( *; ' !( .! ( "- ml AA =! - ( 6 (L 1 ! "! '.θ" # 05 '"# 50 +.6 !"( ( "! " - "' "#'.22! < ! - 6 .