karlov-kirichenko-kvantovaya-mekhanika-2016 (810755), страница 14
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. . ≈ U0 + κx2 , O2 U0 = U (r0 ) κ = U (r0 ) 9(' !# U ! 1( x '.-! -! ! ! 0( .- & 6""(!' !(( x ! !& ""5 5!.( μẍ = −κx μ = M /2 3 ( /! 4"! 6 & - !!5 "0&Mω = 2κ/M .4"(! ( 2"& E = ω(n + 1/2) "0!"#4 4 "."5 5 6!# E∼ ωκ/M .B/6 "- 22!& ! ! (' ! κ ,"( !; 2" O U (r) ≈ U (r0 ) + U1x2r02.? !" 2"& U (x) = U0 + κ x2 2 ! 61U1 = κ r02 .A2," -! -! "- r0 ( ' ! ! ( 0.
r0 ∼ a < ! !"# 1 ! !((( r0 * ( '& !( (! ( "- ( 0. & M U1 ∼ εБ = me e4 22 "# " !(( !"(! ( !"# "!& 26& * ! 9 0.' '"4- -!1U1 ∼ κ a2 ∼ εБ .I2< "# εБ ∼ E !κ∼EU (r) = U (r0 ) + U (r0 )(r − r0 ) +112.U (x) = κx2 = M ω 2 x2221AA% !! !! * Ea2 .κE∼∼M4 5& N !E∼EmeM.KM a2 < ! "-5 0' ! "-!# 6 1!"#& . ""5 G !( "" !& !! '; 1!"#4 4ME=L22I,,- P- X(# ) - ` :!AIP-P- QC )$ C/ I 3 ! 6 F-!5( ! ! "# ' !# !! E= B l(l + 1), ! '5( ( B = 2 2I.E∼2M a2=e22a M e2 a∼EmeME:E:E∼1:meM:meM∼ 10−1 %,N.E ∼ 10−3 %.O=! '-! -! !- & ! ""5 !"(! 0& .0 "!5* & 5& ' !5* 1"(! ( 4 ".0!"#5* & % 4 -# " 1"(4! ( 41!"#5* & =! * - ! ""4 ! (el)E3(el)E2E(vib)B ! ! % !& * '- "# "(! ( "# 6 ! "5 !"5* ! ! !# ";# !5& 0 '-&L2E(rot)(el)E12 ' (- 1-0 , ,0) ),aL2L2LL1< - "4 6 < "# 0 ( ( εБ ∼ E ∼∼ 10 % !; 5 "! ! me /M ∼ 10−4 !EG ! ! ' * "! < !# "& ! "! 1 2 90! ( &! 5& "& ! !5 % " - & * ;! ( !M ."#'!# ( 05-5 " "( !M.9 0' 5 "-" "41 !;M,, : ..
4 :!L = L1 + L2 ,,"( !& ""5 ! 6 I ∼ M a2 "#*! !( ! ( a 9 ;!0 1.!"#& ""5AKL1( L 2 )z=L=L1Lâá2 ' :4 )) +1 +2 =-), , @AE 4 )D) ,)) )) =") +-) 5 @"AE 4B =+ )) )" - @A@ "!# -! - !65 !- '& !4! ! -! !5 1 2 *(4! ( '# % " ! '!. ! ! *(!# ( 0! ! 5& ! !5 C " "4-!# "0 '& ! ! *(!# ( 0! !"#5& "& ! !5 1 2 01 ( .'# *(!# ( 0! % ! ! "!!"#& !- !#4 -!!# -! *(!# ( 0! "5 ! 1 2 7 ('5" - & 2' ! ! ! !!64 -! !5 1 26 4! 5"& Z '& ! ! (( 5 " ! ! !"(('5 "5 6 # Z 8!- ('!# !5 - " " ! !.5 !5 - " ! ' "! < !# ' "! ! ! *!'5& - " l1 & 3 - ." l2 %'! M 5 '5 !5 - " 1( lL% !! !01 " 5 "5 "#'!# (!; B ( -! !& * ! .! " 5"(!# ( "( ! * '-& <! - ! ! "- ! "( 6& !Mm = m1 + m2 .A,- P- X(# ) - ` :!P-P- QC )$ C/)5 ' -! - " l1 l2 "(4! "#5 '-(6 !! !41* "5* ! <! "# '.- m !"(!/01 - " !(& !5 ! !# 1!"# . * - !6 !#Al1 +l2mmax = (m1 )max + (m2 )max = l1 + l2 .% 4 -# "- mmax "(! "# ' '.- ! l ?"!"# 1 !! !( .!l = l1 + l2 .IG !5& "-& 6( (L2 )z = l2 !-! ."# " ! L2 #4 Z " - & 2' !!! !" 05 !6( L1 ↑↑ L2 ↑↑ L) =!! "-& - !.
""4 ! "- "# '- " ! "'! ( !5 1 2 !"""#5 9 '"#!41 !( !!l = |l1 − l2 | .K9 0' '5 '-( ! '"4-.5 !"|l1 − l2 | l l1 + l2 . 7& '-( ' ! ' ! "'!# ()5 "5 - !# " "55* !! < "( " ! -! l1 > l2 %50 # Z !-!05 6( ! 1 " '- m1 = l1 9 6(! 2 ! # ! !# '-(m2 = −l2 , −l2 + 1, . . . , 0, . . .
, l2 − 1, l2 ! ! 6* !(& <") "# '- 6 m "!"# '- . ! l "! ( "m = l 1 + m2 .( -! - " m2 0! '-( 5 '"4- -!'"#!41& ! ! ! !# "40 ! - " l ' l = l1 + l2 , l1 + l2 − 1, l1 + l2 − 2, l1 − l2 .< ! "( ' !* '-& l ! ( 2l + 1 !(& !".-41* ( '- 6 m ! !D! -! " 05 '-"# '" # -! l1 < l2 ! #;'- ! !" 05 l2 − l1 (2l + 1) = (2l1 + 1)(2l2 + 1).ANl=|l1 −l2 |< !"(! ! &! - " !(& 1( !5 *"! 0' 65 !"# "( * ! /(" # 05 '4 - " '"-5* 6& "! (2l1 +1) - " 6& ! (2l2 +1) ! "-(2l1 + 1)(2l2 + 1) =! - ! '"#!! N "#" ! ! '!# " - " !(&M (! (!"# 0 * - "(?"! 1 ' -!# -! ! "( .! 5 "" ! ! ! '& !( "! C " '& ! ! ! ! 5& ' ! '# *.(! ( *(! ( ";# 5& ! !5 / 6! '& !( " "!(!# ' *( .! "# <! '"#!! "( ! ( ! 05" !" 5;G ! ! '-( ! !# "(5'( !< !# ! l1 l2 "54! ( Ml = l1 + l2 .O%'( ! ! ! "-l2 = (l1 + l2 )2 = l21 + l22 + 2l1 l2 ,! "!1l1 l2 = (l2 − l21 − l22 ).2B=! ! !"(! 0& 05-4 ! !.! 5414 ! !5 !"# c2 ) -' !5 a b) " αMc2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos α.< ! '(! ( 2" B !& *< 5 "5 - !# -! ! O B "55"(!# ( "( ! ! -!l̂ = l̂1 + l̂2 ,1l̂1 l̂2 = (l̂2 − l̂21 − l̂22 ).2A iA 0,- P- X(# ) - ` :!AP-<- '(C- M+ 2(+ cP-.Ld," -! -! " A i '"#!! !*- .
"( ! l1 l2 *!'5* !5 - " l1 l2 '! !(( ! ! - " l ! !!# '-(l = | l1 − l2 |, . . . , l1 + l2 .I( ! *( A 0 '-( "- 5.1l1 l2 = [l(l + 1) − l1 (l1 + 1) − l2 (l2 + 1)].K2"-5 0' ! &! '- ."( '( l l1 *( ' ! !l̂22 = (l̂ − l̂1 )2 = l̂2 + l̂21 − 2l̂ l̂1 ,*l l1 =12'( 1l2 + l21 − l22 = [l(l + 1) + l1 (l1 + 1) − l2 (l2 + 1)].2 9 0' "(5 '( 54! ( -' !.5 - " !! !41* !,/ : .3 B,"C,"( 0 ! -!( 5 2"5 AK /0'- 4 lS=m2 .<Am=1G ! ' !#Q=l!(m + 1)3 − m3 .<Im=1? & !5 - -! ! Q = (l + 1)3 − 1,<K "# & 54! "5 "? & !5 ; ! 5 (m + 1)3 MQ=lm=1!3m2 + 3m + 1 .< ( -!lm=1m=l(l + 1)2l,A<1 = l,m=1; < Q = 3S + 3l(l + 1)2<+ l.? -! <K * 4 M1l(l + 1)l(l + 1)(2l + 1)S=−l =.(l + 1)3 − 1 − 3326=! 5 05" "#' ! !<<-.- `+ + T =/& ' &;* *! ! !5 1* ( '( (."(! ( !5& ! "(41& '& ! !& !5; !5 " / ! "(! ! " '. '(% " - & "! !5& ! ! ! .! ( !;1µ = I S.NAcD # I 3 ! ! 3 ! "1 ! ! ! 41&" 4 "1 ! "5& " " !! !! ! " 0.-e NA < ! ! .S15& ; ! ." & !! ! "5 5&M = [µ, B],NIr(1& ! -! !5& .! !! ( !!# ( .qI"4 "(2 # C1 )) <!6"#( ( !5 .
)1* ( '( ! !5! µ ! " NK? ! 1* ( '( 41( !5& ! µ'! 0"#;* !((* ! "[µ, r]r3=3r(µr) − µr 2r5. ! I =µ=qT1 qυc 2π rN F ! ('# *- !5 ! G .! "( !!5 & ! r < !# ! 6."! '( q !#4 υ NA 9 01( '(qυ=2π r ?!! ! !5& !π r2 n =q2crυ n =q2c[r, v]N 3 -5& ! " " ! ! <"- !.; 001! ( "-& !5 '(5* - !6M1µ=/ E8 ..B = rotυ! ! ( 5 ] (- +B +8 -@9+ )5D,1 AU = −µB.2π rAO2cqi [ri , vi ],Ni i ! - !65G ! -" - !6 % ( -! ! ! "# - !65 !! L = [r, p] = m0 [r, v] m0 3 ' N "- 4 ('#Mµ=q2m0 cL.N.NN/0'-γ=q2m0 c=! "- '5! ( ?!! !('# ! " ! ';! ( µ = γ L.NO% "- !5 !(1& ' '5* - !6 !; NO .01 ( '5! ( "5 / " !; qi /mi "( * - !6 ! !; NO "! ('# !.
" ! "( & !5% !& * ! "# !! ( % " ! ('NO !!# ( 0! !5& !< & '5 '-( 6 ! .! 504 # <!( NO # Z μz = γ Lz % ( -! ! ! !& * " 5"(!# ("( * '-& '5 '-( 6 " !!# Lz = m, m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . '"4- -!μz = γ m,m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .NAB? -! "( ! !;( NN ; !;Mμz = μ0 m, m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . ,NAA,- <- `+& :AB "-μ0 =q2m0 c,<-3- Q:NAI- ! '5( ! ! ( "-5 ! ! μ = µ2 ! !!.! NO *μ = µ2 = γ 2 L2 = | γ | l(l + 1) = | μ0 | l(l + 1).NAK)"# "√ '- ! ! !! ( l = 1 μ = |μ0 | 21 - !65 " '! !"# & "# 6& ! ! !9 0' ! " "! !# 1"( .& '5 '- 0!"# ! l 4 2l + 1 . !!5* & ; ΔE = μБ B ' NI =!'-! -! ! " ! 5 ! !.
- " 6 0!"# !EB=0B=0DE1)' 2"5 NAA "- "! q = −e < 0 m0 = me )*μz = −μБ m, m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . ,NA "-eμБ == 9,274 · 10−21 /> ,NA !# ! '55& 3 ! !!,"( '5* - !6 "- ! '"- ! 5! ( !"# -' 5 !!5 -' '( - !65?5& 0"#;& ! - !65 41& #;4 ! "! ,"( ! q = e > 0, m0 = mp ) !! !41( "-. NAIM|e| μяд == 5,0508 · 10−24 /> ,NA2mp c'5! ( /" ! :! .8. =( ! ! ! " ! ( "(5 .' ! " NK ! ' ! ! " !5! !5 " C " 50!# # Z "4 ."( !U = −μ0 Bm, m = 0, ±1, ±2, .
. .NA9 6( ! ! !! ( ! ( !. ! " ! !5& ( '-& <! 7 1 ) =+-) + )) −e 1) e > 01)m+2/ E8 +2me cAA+10-1-22 # 28 )1) , =) ))) l ` ,B + "1) ΔE = μБ 7/$ % !! ! '5 - " 6& ! .! 5"4 # 2l + 1 l 3 0!"#! - " " ! - " " ! "- ! .( D-! -! 5! - " 6& m 5 !"#& - " l ! & ! "- ! (/5!5 ! ! 5 ' ! 05" !"5 c! >"* % " ! * !* 05" #' " !1 ! ; !%05& ! !( ! s. !(! l = 0 ?"!"# ! ( !"# ! m = 0?!! ! 5! ! c! >"* " "-!# ( 1"( "( % p.
!( l = 1) '5 ! '-(6 ! "# M l = +1, 0, −1 D-! !"&"5 (!# ( 1 !"5 !5 !5 01( "5 ("(!# ( -!5* "- !* 2l + 1 ;!c! >"* '-" !" - '05* ! .0 "# - ! " =! !5 0"( "!5 "! !( "5 0"!# 5. "4 ! "# !5 ! <! "",- <- `+& :<-3- Q:!# ("( & " "-( !6( " # "(*" '0 ! / 0* 5!*0"4" # "9 0' '"#!! 5! c! >"* - ! .!-! ; 5 0 "!& !! 0!," ! -! '"( 5; !( " ! 5 " -! ! 1!"#5* & -! ( (.! ! *- ! ! ";# '.5* 0!"#5 "! !- -!5.! ! 0 !5& *- & !5&!5 "! =! *- & ! !41& !5&!5 '54! ( 5 9 & ! "! " ! .! 0"! *- !5 ! '5! ( "! < & 5& ! "# !"-! (! 0 0 ; ( 5; 0!"# ! ' "! !-D # "& 6" 0' 0!!# 5& '0.5& ('55& #' "& " _kW^ *(1 ' !.6 ('5 lWY RkW^^Y 3 _kW^^Y^ 3 ( !# ( ! "- 05 ! 1 - ! '-! *!4'!" !# "! &! !"(( # ! "#* 2.! <1 !# ( 5 !* 5! ! c! >"* !5* 0"4" # 1" - ! ' *;* ( s. !( - 7 s.
!( *- & "!"#. !5& 0!"#5 !5 5 "4 % ! ! 2!!"( - &!"#5* ! ! " !"# !! ! -! .! !5& ! ! ( G 1" -'5! -! 6( ! ! " "( ! .!# !"# '-( <6'5 '( 0 "4!& "-50 ! ! ! "! " '- 41"-& ! @ "( "! μБ 9 0' 5! .'" -! ! 41& "! *(1& ( s. !( 0".! !5 ! µ 6( ! " !. "( ! !"# '-(M! ! -! " "5* & 1"-5* !"" ("(4! ( 0"!.5 70" *; ' ! 0"! "!& " !( - ! '54! && "!& "& =! ! '5( D."( 1.AIμz = ±μБ .NAN?1 ! ! ! ! !( ! 0!"#5&! ' ! ! !! 0J( !# 0 5&! ! "! ! 0"(! ( 1 #'5& ! ?!5 !41* !- & "! '54! ( 0" "5 -! "! ' !"& ! ( "! " (. !# -! 41 & !( * "! G-#AK◦◦" !5 D1 D2 ! !(1 ! 6 U λ1 = 5896 U◦λ2 = 5890 U) -! " 0"4! ( *; '5 !!.
+ G"& !" -! 6! "' '"-! ! " '"-( G 1" ."0 !- ( .!"#& " 0"' "5* & !"#5*"& '54! ( "?!# " !! ! -! ! & !"#& " !.-41& * 1) 3p1 → 3s1 NK 0"4! ( 0"! !' NK 3p3pDD2D13s3saá2 # 0B -?8 4 U A =+ ,- D8 pD, @) ? , ?AE "A ,-) 8D pD,<*! ( ! 0' -!!# Kp.! hi !(1 ' *0"'* & ? !- '( !5* * "&0J( !# ! ' %# Kp.! n = 3 l = 1) !! ' % & m = 0, ±1) ' % ; " 1" ! ! ! *!# ! ( / ! ! !"! 0"4! ( 0."! ! ! ! ! ; "( /! 4 "! 5 -! !*!5* - " n, l, m !!- "( " ( !(("! !% ! ! " 0J( !# 0"! 1" ! ."!5* ! " ! " ! -! "!! !5& ! % !* * !((* . s. !(( "( ! 0!"#5& ! "4 1 !!! ! " 0!"# *( % ! "0 ! ! ! ! 5! c! >"* '.5 !6 ! ! "! !! !41 "# '"-41 ( ( 4 =, +B - ) 3sB +=,4 3p1)A,- <- `+& :<-3- Q:9 !5 - " n, l, m 05" 5 01 !!! ( "! *( ' !* !& 0.5 , " * "! !" ( !- 7 " & !!"#5& ' !" ' ! ";# -!*!5& ! !5& ' "! ' 5;!10−14 ) "!"# !!# "! "#5&"-& " !" " !" ! 1!# ( & % ."# * "#&; #; ' ! !" 0!"!# 1!# ( ! "# " !" !"-! ( !!"#& !- !( 1!# ( ! "4 "0 5 " ! (!( ! "( 0J! "& ' ! C "05 05" !!# "! !" -& !( !! !* !!"#5* !& 05 0"" 05 1.!"#5 !( 05 ?!! ! " 05 *- &! ( 141 ( '( !" !5& !7 ( - & - ! ' "! *" 4 "#' * ! 7! ! !-"% AOI.
F"0 > ! " !"#5*2! 5" "4 !' "! *- & !5& !5 !"# 2"# 54! ( me '( −e%"- *- ! " "(! ( ' '"#!!! - * "& 1"-5* !"" <0 (! ! "! " 05!# ! <! " .6* "- *- ! !# s ! "5 05!# '52s + 1 6& ! ! 5" " =! ".!#4 0 ! 0!"#5& ! l ! 2l + 1 '5!6 ! !"# 50 "(9! 2! -! !5 !( !"(4! 0& 0"!5 ! 5 -! "! ! !"# '5 !6 ! 2s + 1 = 2 5 s = 1/2.NAO=! !; ! ! - " *- ! "!?!! ! ' 6( *- ! 5"4 # ! !# '-(Msz = ±/2.NIB<(" "6"5* !5* - " 5"(! ! !. !# " 05 !# !* " 5* 2'- * !"& .! "!# ! * ! ! " " ! 9 !" 141 ( !( "! *!( ! % - ! ! "( ! -!05 !"# "5& 0J! "! !#-5& "& ! NIB !- * ! "5 05"05 !# ( * !& !#4 % " !A! "# "! Lz = Iω = /2.NIAD # I 3 ! 6 "! % "- ; .3 re ' ! Iш = me re2 <! " I ∼ Iш < "#5 !# !- * ! ; v = ω re ' NIA *v=re∼2Imre.NII,"( 6 "-5 re -! ( "! me c2 !"! !!- * ! ( "-5Uкул ∼e2re∼ m e c2 .< " !; "(! ! '55& " - & "!Mr0 =e2me c2.NIK<! "( re ∼ r0 "- ' NIIυ∼ce2c=cα≈ 137c,NI -! ( 5;! !# !dC " 05 5 '(" - ! 6 "! !.