English Grammar Reference and Practice. Drozdova (810400), страница 53

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—— ^ wharvesITHECATEGORYOFNU MB E RThere are, however, many peculiarities1. Nouns denoting the things which consist of two or more parts are used only in the plural (as inRussian). They are:trousers□ Your trousers are too long.spectacles□ Where are my spectacles?scissors□ These scissors are sharp.scalestongs2.3.Remember thewagescontentsclothesstairsgoodspotatoesonionscarrotsoatsarmsrichesnouns which are used in the plural in English whereas they are singular in Russian:□His wages are high.□ The contents have not been changed.□His clothes w ere wet as he had been caught in the rain.□ The stairs are steep.□ The goods have arrived from France.BUT: a potato (one)□Potatoes are very cheap in autumn.an onion□ Spanish onions are sweet.a carrot□ Carrots are very healthy.lThe noun vacation is used only in the singular in English (it is plural in Russian).□ Our summer vacation lasts 2 months.BUT: We have two vacations a year.4. In English the nouns gate, sledge, watch, clock are used both in the singular and in the plural (inRussian they are only plural):□ The gate is open.□ All the gates were closed.□ My watch (clock) is slow.□He has two watches (clocks).(A) Write the plurals of these nouns in the columns below according to the pronunciation of the ending.Shop, glass, friend, bottle, cinema, clock, guitar, hotel, island, lake, light, month, office,park, piece, smile, space, tape, village, box, match, beach, address.[s]shops,[iz]Иfriends,glasses,189THE/L(A, B) Give the plural of the following nouns.Translate them.Toe - ......................

city - .................... , hero .................. piano - .....................calf - ....................,cliff - ................... . chief - ................... . stitch ................... bath - ...................., life - .....................shelf - .....................berry - ....................... valley ....................

roof - ......................pen - ......................window - .................. . library - .................. . watch ....................... dress - ......................, co un try ................... g la s s - ................... , d a y - ....................party - ...................

leaf - ..................... fox .................... half - ...................... eye - .................... ,language - ..................... place - ......................ray ........................ bush - ......................., m outh ..................... . jo urney - ....................... photo ВFoot - ...................... boot - .................... ox ................... .

fox - .................... man - ......................woman - ....................month - .................... . mouse- ........................ ch ild - ........................ ship ................... goose - .................., d e e r - ....................sheep - ......................CCrisis - .....................phenomenon - ..................... ,datum - ................... . nucleus - ................... , basis- ..................... criterion - ..................... series ....................

. analysis - ..................... form ula DR oom -m ate - ...................... . fe llo w -w o rk e r ...................court-martial - ................... , man-of-war,boy-messenger - .................. onlooker - ...................passer-by - ................... sister-in-law - .....................postman - .................... son-in-law - ...................,fisherman - .................... schoolgirl - ....................text-book - ...................

statesman - ......................editor-in-chief - .....................NOUNО(В) Change the number o f the noun in italicswhere possible and make all the other necessarychanges.I . Put the boxes on the shelf. - ............................................... 2. The boy must have two teeth pulledout. - ..................................................3.

The huntergot a prize for killing the wolf that had caused muchdamage to the village flock. - ................................................. 4. The child was bitterly crying overthe broken toy. - ..................................................5. He showed me a photo of his country house. ................................................. 6. The scout broughtsome valuable inform ation. - ..................................................

7. I saw a mouse in the kitchen. ................................................ 8. The ox drove a cartof hay. - .......................................... 9. A very strangep he n om en o n was observed by a stro n o m e rsyesterday. - ...........................................10. Her hairwas soft and curly. - .................................................I I . Boy drove the sheep to the village. - .................................................. 12. I have h u rt my fo o t. ................................................ 13. This is a lady-bird.- .............................................

14. Where is the knife?- ............................................. 15. This story is verylong. - ............................................... 16. The speechwas very interesting. - ................................................17. The roof of the house was covered with snow.

.................................................... 18. The fish werec a u g h t.- ............................................... 19. We havegood p o stm e n in o ur area. - ........................H-(B) Supply the missing words.1. The stairs............... worn by thousands of visitors.2. W h e re .................the scissors? - .................. arein the first drawer on the left. 3.

The scales................broken. 4. How much did you pay f o r .................trousers? - .................were very expensive! 5. Ifyour c lo th e s................ dirty, please put them in thelaundry basket. 6. His old grandfather’s watch................. made of gold.

7. All their belongings.................been destroyed in a fire. 8. My earnings( n o t) ................. high, but at least t h e y ...................reg u la r. 9. T hese s h o r ts .................. n o t fit m e a t all!190THECATEGORYU(B) Use the appropriate form of the verb.1. “T h e re .............. money in my pocket,” I said tothe porter (is, are). 2. I know my h a ir .................beautiful, everybody says so (is, are). 3. This watch.................

a special favourite with Mr. Pickwick,having been carried about for a greater number ofyears than we feel called upon to state (was, were).4. The d e e r.............ravaging the man’s fields (was,were). 5. M o n e y .................so scarce that it couldfairly be said not to exist at all (was, were). 6 .

1washere before the g a te s .................opened but I wasafraid to come straight to you (was, were). 7. Thepapers................dull, the new s................. local andstale and the war new s................all old (was, were).8. Her h a ir.............. loose and half-falling and shewore a nurse’s dress (was, were). 9. The nurse’sw a g e s ................ good (was, were).OFC AS E(В, C) Translate into English.1.

Эта лестница ведёт к морю. 2. Он дал мне хо­роший совет. 3. Все сведения были очень важ­ные. 4. Эти деньги не мои. 5. У меня было малоденег. Я не мог позволить себе покупать такиедорогие вещи. 6. Ваших знаний недостаточно,чтобы сдать экзамен. 7. Какая интересная рабо­та! 8.

Я купил эти часы в Лондоне. Они очень хо­рошие. 9. Его одежда совсем новая. 10. Там былоочень мало людей. 11. Картофель очень хорошийв этом году. 12. Морковь очень дешёвая осенью.13. Его заработная плата очень высокая. 14. Со­держание его письма было совсем неожиданным.15. В аквариуме пять рыбок. Одна рыбка золо­тая. 16. Эти новости очень интересные. 17. Комупринадлежат деньги? - Я не знаю, кому они при­надлежат. 18.

Фермеры довольны. Они вырасти­ли много свиней и овец. 19. Наши зимниеканикулы кончаются 6 февраля. 20. Витрина при­влекала внимание всех прохожих.4. The C a te g o ry o f C a seEnglish nouns denoting living beings (and some lifeless things) have two cases: the common case and thegenitive for possessive) case.The Genitive1. We show possession in English with the genitive form of a noun. This means we normally u s e ’s or s’for people and some living creatures. We put the possessive before the noun it refers to:□Frank’s car. (Not “the car of Frank/the car of Frank’s” ).2.

The simplest rule to remember is: A d d ’s to anv personal noun unless it is in the form of a plural endingin - s . in which case just add an apostrophe f ’ 1. This means:□ a d d ’s to singular nouns and names not ending in -s:a boy’s tie; Tom’s hat.□ a d d ’s to singular nouns ending in -s:an actress’s career; a w aitress’s job.□ a d d 's to irregular plural nouns:children’s games; the men’s club; sheep’s wool.□ add an apostrophe ( ’) after the -s of regular plurals:the girls’ uniforms.□ a d d ’s to names ending in -s :Charles’s address; Doris’s panty; St. Jam es’s Park.Famous names ending in -s just add ( ’): Y eats’ poetry (pronounced [s] or [iz]).□ a d d ’s to the last element of the word group:My friend P eter’s watch; my father-in-law ’s house.191THENOUNApostrophe S CS/S'), Com pound Noun or O fl1.

When we want to show possession with things, we can use of: the leg o f the table.However, we often prefer to use a compound noun instead of of: the table leg.2. We must use o f when we cannot form a compound noun: the book o f the film (Not “the film ’s book’’);the top o f the box (Not “the box’s top” ). You can only learn this from experience. If you are in doubt, use of.The Use of 'S and"an Hour's Journey"S'with NoWe u s e ’s and s ’ with some non-living things:□ fixed phrases: the earth’s surface, journey’s end, the sh ip ’s company;□ time phrases (singular): an hou r’s journey, a day’s work, a m onth’s salary,□ time phrases (plural): two hours’ journey, two days’ work, two m onths’ salary.It is also used with nouns expressing space and weight, with the names of countries, cities and ships andwith the nouns world, country, city, ship:□ Moscow’s theatres□ world’s best museums□ our country’s best opera house□ the ship’s crewWe can u s e ’s when the first noun is an organisation:□ the government’s decision□ the company’s successThe Genitive is used in some set expressions:□ for Hea ven ’s sake / for G od’s sake□ at o ne ’s w it’s end□ a hair’s breadth□ a t a stone’s throwOmission of the Noun after 'SWe generally omit the noun a fte r ’s when referring to work-places, shoos and houses: the d octor’s ratherthan the d octo r’s surgery, my m other’s rather than my m other’s house.EXERCISES3.the days of the week4.the birthday of my daughter Helen5.the pages of the book(A, B) U s e ’s or s ’ only where possible withthe following nouns.6.work of seven years( Model: ) the clothes of the boys - the boys’ clothes7.the surface of the Earth1.a journey of two days8.the orders of the Commander-in-Chief2.the walls of the room192THECATEGORYZ(A, B) What could we use in place of the wordsin brackets?(Ivlodel?) Your father has gone to (the shop ownedby the butcher) the butcher’s.1.I’ll meet you at (the shop owned by the chemist)2.I’m going to spend the night at (the house ownedby my aunt)3.We always buy things at (the department storeowned by Emma Hart)О(В) Rewrite these sentences, using’s, s ’, orjust an apostrophe ( ’).OFCASE*4 (B) In this exercise you have to join two nounsw ith ’s, an apostrophe ( ’), or a compound noun.Sometimes you have to use ...

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