English Grammar Reference and Practice. Drozdova (810400), страница 52
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Many people visited us during the summer.*IWe had many visitors.2. He suggested that I study French.I like his suggestions.1. We c o u ld n ’t agree. We c o u ld n ’t reach an2. The detective investigated thepre-re-misunderstanding1. employment - ...........................; 2. connection ............................ ; 3. honesty - .............................. ;4. interpretation - .........................; 5. difference ............................
; 6. fortune - ............................ ;7. dependence - ..........................; 8. importance- ........................... ; 9. security - ............................. ;10. election - ......................... ; 11. construction -7(A, B) Form compound nouns from two stemsand translate them .
Use these nouns in your ownsentences.((M odel:) sun, glasses ^(B) Form nouns from the words in italics withthe help of the suffixes. Mind the consonant alteration.inter-sunglasses1. A road, workers - ....................... ; 2. tea, a pot .........................; 3. a bed, a room - ...........................;4. a post, a man - ........................ ; 5.
a week, anend - ................................ ; 6. news, paper .........................; 7. a class, a room - ..........................;8. a foot, a man - ......................... ; 9. a side, aboard - ........................... ; 10. a chair, a man .........................
; 11. trade, union - ...........................;12. green, a house - ........................183THENOUN10(A, B) Read the compound nouns. Translatethem into Russian.I(B) Translate the following questions intoEnglish, choosing the appropriate nouns givenbelow. Let your friends answer the questions.Foreman, ship-yard, man-of-war, milestone, birthday,m aple-leaf, handicraft, spacecraft, household,housekeeping, weekend, riverbed, videocamera.1.
В какой аудитории вы обычно занимаетесь?2. Сколько времени уходит у вас на приготовление домашнего задания? 3. Вы предпочитаетеделать домашнюю работу один или вместе с товарищами? 4. Часто ли вы ходите в читальныйзал? 5. Вы обычно обедаете в столовой или берёте с собой завтрак? 6.
Какие газеты вы читаетекаждый день? 7. Где вы обычно проводите субботу и воскресенье?(B) Answer the following questions, usinga compound noun formed by the two nouns.(Model?) He gave her a ring for their engagement.What ring did he give her?■=>An engagement ring.1. I drank some tea from the cup. What cup did Idrink tea fro m ? ............................... 2. This store hasa lot of different departments.
How can we call sucha s to re ? .................................3. A small boat savedhis life. What boat was this? .................................4. Metal rings joined by a chain, fastened aroundprisoner’s hands like cuffs (манжеты). What are theycalled?................................hometask weekend newspaperclassroom reading-roomdining-room homework2.
C la ssifica tio n o f N ounsi.dogtableboysnowironcottontea184familycrowdmachineryteambeautysightcourageideayouthCLASSIFICATIONfoliagemachinery(the) policethe military□□The foliage is turningyellow.OFNOUNSclothespeoplecattleteamgrouparmyclassThere are too manypeople here.□audiencethe majoritycompanyfamilygovernmentcommitteethe publicThe family is/are on holiday,1.
Collective nouns are used with singular verbs when they denote a thing as a whole. But sometimesplural verbs are used when collective nouns denote a number of people or elements:□ The Russian team was playing well.□ The hockey team are coming tonight.2. Nouns of material are uncountable and are generally used in the singular.
They are used in the pluralto denote different sorts of a given material:□ wine - wines□ fruit - fruits3. Abstract nouns are usually uncountable, though some of them mav be countable (idea, hour). Butthey may change their meaning and become class nouns. In this case they are used with the article andmay be plural.□ beauty - a beauty - beauties□ sight - a sight - sightsII.NOUNS( COUNTABLE )Denote things thatcan be counted□ a book - 5 books□ a boy - many boys(unco untable)Denote things we cannot count.
These include:- many types of food: meat, food, butter, sugar, rice, etc.- liquids: water, tea, oil, etc.- materials: glass, plastic, wood, etc.- abstract nouns: beauty, love, help, etc.They have no plural.We can’t use a/an before them.We use the/some/an v/this/his. etc. before them.□ the music, some bread, his blood, much excitement□ This ring is made of silver.185THE1.2.NOUNMany nouns can be used as countable and uncountable nouns.Usually there is a difference in meaning:□Paper<I bought a paper, (countable = a newspaper)I bought some paper, (uncountable = material)□Hair<She has beautiful hair, (uncountable)There is a hair in my soup, (countable = one single hair)Some nouns are usually uncountable in English but often countable in other languages.Here are the most important of these:accommodationadvicebaggageluggage□□□behaviourbreadchaosfurnituremoneyscenerytraffictraveltroubleweatherworkinformationnewspermissionprogressI’m looking for accommodation.Tom gave me some good advice.Where did you buy your furniture?□□I’m looking for work.The news is very depressing today.EXERCI SES(A, B) Choose the correct form.(A) Write the countable and uncountablenouns into the two columns:^CountableUncountable^1.
To press clothes, you need iro n /a n iron.2. Language/А language is unique to humans. 3. Inher youth she was beauty/a beauty. 4. She’s beenlooking for work/а work for 3 months. 5. You shouldstudy law/a law at university. 6. Then everybody calledfor him to make speech/а speech. 7. I don’t eat achicken/chicken, I’d rather have fish/a fish. 8. Apaper/Paper is made of wood. 9. “Waiter, a co ffe e /coffee and two cakes, please.” 10. My mother neverdrinks a wine/wine.О(В, C) Choose between a singular or a pluralverb to be used in the following sentences.V___________________JWall, air, picture, water, tea, time, hour, river, friend,copper, cheese, teacher, glass (стакан), glass(стекло), paper (бумага), paper (газета), music,coffee, armchair, gold, ship, milk, ice, furniture,butter, happiness, wood, tree, ink, money, coin,university, assistance, assistant, darkness, meat,machine.1.
The play is witty and the cast ( b e ) .....................wonderful. 2. The cast (b e )...................all amateurs.3. All the family (to b e ) ....................gathered to seethe dog. 4. Monty’s family (to b e ) .....................ofabout the same social status as my own. 5. Do youknow what the family (to g e t).................... into theirheads about this business? 6. Everybody says theSwiss police (to be) .....................great at findingpeople.
7. The public (not to th in k ).................... so.8. The public (to re q u e st).................... not to leavelitter in these woods. 9. When he came, the baseball186THECATEGORYteam (to p ra c tis e ).................... on the school field.10. The team (to h a v e ).................... baths at themoment and then (to c o m e )....................back herefor tea. 11. The team (to p la y)...................
tomorrowm o rn in g . 12. The G ove rn m e n t (to d iscu ss)................... the matter for a long time but they haveshown no signs of reaching agreement. 13. TheGovernment (to d ecide)................... to pass the bill.14. You’ve bought yourself a nice car. Your money(to b e ) .................... well spent. 15. His advice (tob e ) .................... always useful for me.OFNUMBER/(В, C) Translate the sentences from Russianinto English.1. Полиция не дураки. Этот человек не поверил ниод ном у м оем у слову. 2. Ком анда обы чнопрекращ ает по гр узку (loading) в 12, и всесобираются на палубе. 3.
Ты знаешь, каковыновости? 4. В письме важная информация. 5. Всякомпания сидит в кафе. Они собираются здесьобедать. 6. У комитета сложилось мнение, что этотвопрос нужно решить немедленно. 7. Когдадиректор пришёл, весь штат уже собрался. 8. Штаточень небольшой, я не знаю, как он справляется.3. The C a te g o ry o f N u m b e rEnglish countable nouns have two numbers: the singular and the plural.The Rules for Forming the Plural of English Nouns^vRULESEXAMPLESNOTES1.The general rule for formingthe plural of English nounsis bv addina the endina -sto the singulartables, books,ties, planspaths, months-s is pronounced:Iz l after voicedconsonants and vowels:beds, flowers, boysIs l after voicelessconsonants:caps, books, hatsTizl after sibilants:noses, horses, bridges,houses2.If the noun ends in-s, -ss, -x, -z, -sh, -ch, -tch, -o,the plural is formed by adding-es [iz], [z] after -obuses, glasses, boxes,brushes, benches,matches, cargoes,potatoesBut: pianos, photos,cuckoos, videos, zoos3.There are seven nouns whichform the plural by changingthe root vowelman - menwoman - women['woman] - ['wimin]foot - feettooth - teethgoose - geesemouse - micelouse - lice187^THEГRULESNOUNEXAMPLESNOTES4.There are two nouns whichform the plural in -enox - oxenchild - children5.In some nouns the Dlural formdoes not differ from the sinaulardeer, sheep, swine, fish, trout,dozen, score, aircraft, salmonBUT: Pack the books indozens; scores of people6.Some words borrowed from Latinor Greek keep their Latin or Greekplural formsIn the technical languagesof science:phenomenon - phenomenadatum - datacrisis - crisesstimulus - stimuli[formula - formulaeindex - indicesantenna - antennaeIn fiction andcolloquial Englishsome of thesenouns haveacquired Englishplural forms:formulas, indexes7.In compound nouns the plural isformed in different ways:a) adding -s to the head-worda) editors-in-chiefbrothers-in-lawlookers-onb) lady-birdshotel-keepershousewivespostmenc) men-servantswomen-doctorsb) the final element takesthe plural formc) if the compound begins withthe words man/woman, bothwords are plurald) if there is no noun-stem inthe compound, -s is addedto the last element.^d) forget-me-notsmerry-go-rounds------------------^Spelling Rules^vRULESEXAMPLESIf the noun ends in -y precededby a consonant, -y is changedinto -i - before -esfly - fliesarmy - armieslady - ladies2.If the final -y is preceded bya vowel, there is no vowel changeday - daysboy - boysplay - playstoy - toyskey - keys3.The nouns ending in -f, -fechange it into -v (both inspelling and pronunciation)wife - wivesknife - kniveslife - livesleaf - leavesthief - thieveshalf - halves188\In proper namesthere is no change:Mary - Marys1.-------------------------------------------- ,NOTESro o f - roofs, ^scarfsscarf <—~^ scarves^wharfswharf <.
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