English Grammar Reference and Practice. Drozdova (810400), страница 54
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o f... .(M o d e l:) the mother/Ann - Ann’s motherthe club/students - the students’ clubthe door/the room - the door o f the room1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.the name/my frie n d ..................the eyes/the d o g .......................the top/the p a g e .......................the newspaper/today................a holiday/month.........................the name/this stre et..................the car/M ike’s p a re n ts.............the new manager/the company9. the leg/table .........................10. the ground floor/the building(Model?) The books for children.- These are children’s books.11.the children/Don and Mary1.This bag belongs to my friend.12.the economic policy/the government2.He described the career of the actress.3.This is the signature of Mr.
Brown.4.The mistakes which students make.5.This is a club for women.6.It’s a school for girls.(M odel?) The surface of the Earth looks wonderfulfrom space.The Earth’s surface looks wonderful fromspace.7.This umbrella belongs to James.1.I had dinner in the house of my friend.8.I liked the dinner we had yesterday at the cafebelonging to Mike.2.The theatres in Moscow are the best in the world.3.Exports from Britain to the United States havefallen recently.4.The lecture tomorrow has been cancelled.5.The crew of the ship was small.6.The rains last month caused lots of floods.7.The museums in the town are very famous.(B) Read each sentence and write a newsentence, using’s with the words in italics.193THENOUN\J(B) Use the information to complete thesentences./(B) The apostrophe ( ’) key of the computer isout of order.
Put the apostrophe where it isnecessary. Do not forget that the apostrophe is alsoused in contracted forms: he is = he’s , she is =she’s, he has done = he’s done, do not = don’t.(M odel?) I started cleaning my house at 9 o ’clockand finished at 12 o ’clock.So it’s about three hours’ work.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.A:B:I need two days to do the work.It is ...............................................................work.She had a rest from two to three.So she h a d ...........................................................rest.If I leave my house at 8.50 and walk to work, Iget to work at 9 o ’clock.So it’s o n ly ...........................................................walk from my house to work.He went on vacation on the 5th and was back atwork on the 20th.So he h a d .............................................................vacation.His journey lasted for two months.So it w a s ...............................................................journey.Our excursion in this museum started at 11o ’clock and finished at 2 o ’clock.So we h a d ............................................................excursion.In September he will receive his salary for twomonths.In September he will receive...............................................................salary.A:В:A:B:A:B:A:B:194Did you see the invitation to Lindas birthday?Yes, I did.
Was it her or her husbands idea toinvite us?I dont know. We are not really friends. We arejust Roberts colleagues.I know. But Lindas m other keeps tellin geverybody that shes going to have a really bigparty. Maybe thats the reason why she invitedher husbands colleagues and their partners,too.OK. Lets go there and see how everything isgoing.We need a present then. What about a womansweekend at a fitness club?Thats too expensive for a colleagues wife. Whatabout breakfast at Tiffany’s?You mean the new Tiffany’s in High Street?Yes. They offer things like that. My secretarysfamily went there last Sunday and they werevery pleased about the food, the prices and thewaiters politeness.Good idea.TESTS5.
TestsI1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.Сын моей сестры хорошо учится.Мне нравится квартира Марии.Она много пишет сёстрам Анны.Комната Бесс большая и светлая.Учитель вернул тетради студентов.Я не помню имени сестры моего друга.Друзья моего брата хорошо говорят по-немецки.Вам нравится новая книга этого писателя?II1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.Где ключ от машины?Мальчишки взяли велосипед почтальона.Он сломал ручку двери.Дверь гаража была закрыта.Мы выучили слова десятого урока вчера.Ручка чемодана была неудобной.Поверхность дороги была скользкой.Я не знаю результат вчерашнего матча.IIII1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.Они взяли десятидневный отпуск.Экипаж корабля был небольшой.Книги этого писателя очень популярны.Обложка книги была порвана.Я поговорил с менеджером компании.Это - лучший оперный театр в стране.Телефон в офисе не работает.Вчера вечером я был в гостях у бабушки.THE ARTICLE^ T h e article is a structural part of speech used with nouns.
The use of articles depends on th e ^type of noun, context or situation, it is sometimes influenced by the syntactic relations in whichthe noun occurs.There are two types of articles in modern English: the indefinite (a /a n ) and the definitearticle (th e). The absence of articles also has its grammatical significance: it shows that thev nouns are used in a general sense..1. Use o f A rticles w ith C o m m o n N ounsThe Indefinite Article (а/ап )The Definite Article (the)We use a/an with singular countable nouns(a in front of consonant sounds: a man, a year,an in front of vowel sounds: an umbrella,an eye, an hour).*1We can use the with any noun.оThe definite article is used:1.
When the speaker and the listener know whatparticular object is meant:□How did you like the play?□ Where is the key?The indefinite article is used:1. when people do not yet know which particularthing you are talking about.□ I’ve been reading an interesting article in“The Economist” .2. when th e s p e a k e r p re s e n ts th e o b je c t(expressed by the noun) as belonging to a certainclass.
In this case it has the meaning of «какойнибудь», «какой-то», «один», «некий». The pluralof a/an is the zero article when we refer to things ingeneral. The plural of a/an is som e/any when werefer to quantity.□ It happened in a small town in Siberia.Such buildings can be found in small towns.□ He bought a book yesterday.He bought some books yesterday.^NB! There is a difference between knowing w hat^object is spoken about and knowing the object itself.□ A. I can’t speak to the girl. I have neverseen her. Won’t you speak to her?B. But I don’t know the girl, either.'v________________________________________ ^2. When the speaker uses an attribute pointing outa particular object - a particularizing attribute:□ This is the house that Jack built.□ Show me the telegram you receivedyesterday.□ The pictures in this book are very interesting.□ The walls of my room are painted blue.3.
when we are not referring to a particular thingor person but just to any thing or person of a particulartype. This use is typical after the verbs like want,look for, need, afford.□ The children want a ride.□ We need a leader.□I can’t afford a car.196NB! A particularizing attribute should not b e \confused with a descriptive attribute which is usedto describe an object or to give some additionalinformation about it. A descriptive attribute doesnot affect the use of the article:□I have a wonderful clock which is 100years old.US EOFARTICLESWI T HCOMMONNOUNS4.
When a person or a thing is introduced for thefirst tim e. That shows that the reader (listener) doesnot know what we are referring to. After this firstreference we use the.□ I watched a car as it came up our road.The car stopped outside our house and aman got out. The man was carrying a casein his hand. With the case, the man lookedlike a salesman./5. when the noun is used in a general sense andhas the meaning of "every” (любой, всякий,каждый).□ A drowning man catches at a straw.□ A child can understand it.4. With singular countable nouns used in a genericsense (when we want to make a general statementabout all things of that type):□ The tragedy and the comedy appeared inGreece.□ The pine grows in the North.□□vWe went to the lake which was stormy^that day.W e’ve received a le tte r containinginteresting information about.„______J3. When the situation (context) itself makes theobject definite:□ The wedding looked sad.
The bride wastoo old and the bridegroom was too young./1NB! In a generic sense:Л- With the noun man no article is used.□His trust in man has been destroyed.- With the noun woman the definite article orno article is used.□He had always been interested in thatlmysterious being - the woman.JThe Zero ArticleBASIC USES OF THE ZERO ARTICLE (-):No article (zero) is used:1. With olural countable nouns used in aeneral statements, e.a. for:2.peopleanimalsfoodplacesproducts□□□□□Men are fond of hunting.Dogs should eat meat.Oranges are good for you.Cities are polluted by cars.Shops are open on Sundays.With uncountable nouns (always singular) used in general statements, e.g. for:- food□ I like ice-cream.- colours□ Red is my favourite colour.- abstract□ No news is good news.- substances□ Coffee is produced in Brazil.- activities□ Smoking is not allowed here.□ Chinese is difficult to study.- languagesBy comparison, we use the when the reference is specific (not in general):a) with plural countable nouns□ The oranges from Spain are sweet.b) with uncountable nouns□ I used all the butter that was in the butter dish.197THEARTICLE*■ ••--EXERCI SES(А, В, C) Say what articles you would use forthe nouns in italics in these situations.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.К вам подбегает мальчик с газетами испрашивает:- Вы не купите газету, пожалуйста?- Купите одну из газет, пожалуйста.Вы видите у сына новую ручку и говорите:«Где ты купил ручку?»Ваш брат идёт в библиотеку и вы его просите: «Принеси мне, пожалуйста, английский словарь».
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