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They exchangeemails with German students - half thetime in English,half in German.It'smorerealistic.And I can use the Web to get upto-date material in German. I have asatellite receiverat home so I can watchGerman TV and record programmes foruse in class.3People pay with plastic.Now it's morecards than cash.it's safer becausethere'sless money in the shop but I have to paythe card companies each time.
And l don'tget my money if someone uses a stolencard.4It'snot good.My sales are much worse.Insteadof buying CDs,people downloadindividual tracks from the Internet.- WordstressPronunciation123456machinemachinerymechanicsmechanicmechanicaltechnical7 technician8 technology9 electron10 electronics11 electrical12 electricianUnit 2-The course- paÍtIListeningI=Interviewer.A=AlecI You're doing an HND inCivilengineering.How long does that last?A It'sa two-year course.I And what stage are you at now?A I'm in the second semesterof the firstyear.I Howmany students are inthe group?A There are eight, all men.I Why did you decideto do this course?A I left school at seventeenand started offas an Architectural Technician and . ..I What didthatinvolve'beÍnganArchitectural Technician?A Doing all the technÍcaldrawings for thearchitects,things like that.
We used aprogramcalledAutocad.I Andwhattookyouintothatline ofbusiness?A We11,I was interestedin architecture.My best subjectat school,the one Ienjoyedmost,was GraphiccommunÍcation.I decidedto try to get acareerusÍngthat. So,I went into anarchitect'soffice and was there for fouryears before I decidedto start my HND.a lot ofpublic opposition.I DoweneedanewbridgeTA Yes,the researchI've done shows thepresent bridge is carrying ten times theamount of trafflc it was designed for.I What's Fluid mechanics on Fridavmorning?A Er,it's how fluids behave,waterpressureon pipes,and that sort ofthing.
It'sone ofthe hardest subjects.I Doyoufindyou have a lot ofworkto dooutside the courseTA Yes,it's not particularly hard but it'sconstant.I Andhowisitassessed?A It'smodular,continuous assessment.You have to pass all the modules.The course- part 2Thecourse- part3I Tellme aboutyourtimetable.A I have classesthree days aweekMonday, Wednesday,and Friday,andSelf-studyon the other days.I Which subjectappeals to you most?A Erm,the Theory of structures.I reallyenjoy it. That'stwice on a Monday Monday morning first thing and onMonday afternoon.I What do you like about it?A I like the maths and physics side of it,how the structureactually works.I Is any of the work inthe labiA We've got Materials this semester.We're in the lab every week - testingconcreteand that sort ofthing.
OnFridays,there'sProjectwork from 11.i5for most of the day.I'vebeen at astructural engineering companylearning how a civil engineeringI What do you hope to do at the end ofyour course?A Well, I want to go on to do the degree.I What kind of degreewillyou take?A I d like to do Structural engineering,aBEng.I've got acceptancefrom twounÍversities.I can start once I,vefinished one year of my HND.I Howlongwillittake?A lt's four years for a BEng.I When you start work as a CivÍlEngineer,what do you want to build houses or big structureslike bridgesand roads?A I'm more interested inthe biestructureslÍkebridges.I You may have to go overseasfor that.A That'sone reason why I chosethiscareer.That you can travel.There'sa lotofopportunitíesto go overseas.nÍ^ip.+ ic Íl]nI What'sthecompanyworkingon?A They're turning an old officebuildinginto a nightclub, restaurant,and fivestar hotel.It'sinteresting to get on siteand to speak to the engineers.I What,s Complex communÍcationsonWednesday?A Before and after lunch? It'saboutIanguage.You have to pick somethingto do wÍthengineering and write areport about it.
Then present it to theother students.I Whathaveyouchosen?A I'm doing a projecton a new brÍdgeoverthe Forth,right here in Scotland.There's- StrontandPronunciationweakformsof auxiliaryverbs1Does Alec like Maths?Is he in his first year?Yes,he does.Yes,he is.31 Is he studyingto be an engineer?Yes,he is.2 Arethere anywomen in his class?No,there aren't.3 Doeshis coursetaketwovears?Yes,it does.4 Can he start a degreeafter six months?No,he can't.Listeningscripts1255 Hashe got acceptancefromtwouniversities?Yes,he has.6 Doeshe have to pass all the modules?Yes,he does.7 Will it take him four years to completethe BEng?Yes,it wil/.8 Has he got any lab work on his course?Yes,he has.Unit3-The designprocessLlsteningI startwith a design brief- a descriptionofthe problem I'm going to solve.ln thiscase,it's to design a backpack for crosscountry skiers.Then I investigate,and dosomeresearchabout cross-countryskiers,the things they need to carry and theweight they find comfortable.I also thinkaboutthe best choice of material waterproo{hard-wearing,easy to workwith.
Next, ] sketch dÍfferentshapesforthe backpack and choosewhat I think isthe best solution.I transfer my sketchto acomputerto make a proper drawing witha1lthe dimensions in place.Then,I ask acompanyto realize it and make up someprototypesto test how well it works.Finally,I compare the product with thebrief.I evaluate it by asking questions like:Does it meet all the requirements?Can Imake it any better,or improve it somehow?- WorkingListeningwithdesignA KarII design practical products for use in thehome, especiallythe kitchen.When I'mdesigning,I think about the function ofthe object and how people will use it.Then I sketch my ideas on papeÍ,startingwith the shape.I make lots of these roughdrawings until I get the shape that I want.B MartinI'm an industrial designer.Idesign massproduced products.I always have tobalance what people need and what it'spossible to make.
I start with a sketch andwhen I'm happy with the result,I plan thebasic layout on a computer.Then I printout technical drawings to maketemplates.i use the templates to cut out amodel in foam plastic.This gives me anidea ofthe shape and look ofthe object.C HilaryI'm a product developer.
I have to workwith the desÍgnerson the one hand andthe manufacturers on the other. And Ihave to keep both ofthem happyto getgood designs which can be produced atprices people can afford.I get thedrawings and models from the designers,talk to the manufacturers about theproduction,and work out the costings.Unit 4- lntonationforPronunciationquestionsIWhereareyoufrom?Whatdoyou studyT2Are you ItalianTDo you speak EnglishT3A What materials do we use for ski poles?B Aluminium or carbon-fibre,lthink.What are footballs made of?A I'm not sure.Is it leather?B Yes,l'm certain.What's used to makebobsleighs?Listening- ExchanginginformationABABABABABABABOK, so tell me about the skateboard.Right.The bodypart is the deck.What's it made of?Plywood.This means it's light andstrong.OK.
What's the differencebetween thefront and back?The front Íscal]edthe nose.And theback is the tail.Nose and tail. Right.There'san angle oftwenty degrees.WhatforTIt helps the skateboarderperformtricks.Cool.So,what about under the board?Thesethings are the trucks.What aretheymade of? Metal?Yes- sometimes it's titaniumforstrength.The top is called the baseplate.The bottom is the hanger.A Got it.
And the wheels - thev're plastic,right?B Right.They're made of polyurethane.The hardness varies.Very hard wheelsare good for performance.Is that it?A What about these?Are they springs,like a car suspension?B Oh yes,they're called bushings. Theyhelp you to turn the board . ..B ... I think I know a bit about thesnowboard.ls it made of fibre-glassTA Yeah, partly. But wood is used for thecore.B Really? How come?A It gives the board strength but keeps itlight. And it makes it flexible.B OK.
Is itthe same on both sidesTA The base,the bottom, is coveredwith akind oftough plastic.B What's it ca11ed7A P-tex.Ithelps the board slide but it'swear-resistant.B RÍght.Importanton snow. What aboutthe edge?Is it made ofp-tex as wellTA No, that's steel.It helps the board gripthe snow.B When it turns and does tricks?A Yeah,lsupposeso.B OK.Oh,andthese straps- are theymade of nylonTA Yeah.They're called bindings. That'sit.Unit 5Switch onThis is a wind pump.
It'sused for pumpingwater from under the ground.As you cansee,it's a very simpIe mechanÍsm.Thewind turns the blades.This rotarymovement is convertedinto an up-anddown movement by the crankshaft - justlike the crankshaft in a car engine.Thepiston of the pump is connectedto thecrankshaft.As the blades rotate.water ispumped from the well.It'sused in the developing world, forexample in AfrÍcaand in parts of India.This particular wind pump is in Kenya. Itcan be used to provide drinking water orrnraiarfnrnrnn<This is an example of appropriatetechnology.It'slow cost.Itdoesn't use126 Listeningscriptsexpensive fuel.
it's made from inexpensivematerials and it can be repaÍredeasily.It,sthe righttechnologyforthe situation.PairworkThis is a solar water distiller.It'sactuallyquite easy to make. It's for producingclean, drinkable water from dirty water. Ituses the heat ofthe sun. The stili is filledwith dirty water via the inlet at the base.The black bottom absorbsheat fromthesun and warms the water.
The reflectorincreasesthe amount of heat reaching thewater. The heat helps to kill anythingharmful in the water. The hot waterevaporatesand condenseson the inside ofthe glass cover.This condensedwater isclean and safe to drink. The cover is tiltedto the south so the condensedwateÍlunsdown and collects in the fresh watertrough. With a glass cover of about asquare metre,the still can produce almostfour litres of clean water every five hours.You have to clean out the stili regularly toremove any sediment, but you can alsouse the cleaning water to irrigate piants.Pronunciation- Numbersand quantitiesIabcdefghijkIthree point one fourtwoelevenhundred andfiftymillimetrestwohundred andfiftymegabytessixtygigabytessixteenkiiohertzthirtymÍiliampszero degreesCelsiusseventy-threeper centtwelve volts DCtentothepowersixtento the power minus twelvearatiooffortytoone2a minus two hundred and seventy-threepoint one five degreesCelsiusb ninety-five point eight megahertzc one hundred andtenvolts ACd twotothepowertwentye one million, forty-eight thousand, f,vehundred and seventy-sixf aratioofonetoeightg sixteen millimetresh zero point zero onei thirteenpointfivepercentj two hundred and fifty-six gigabytesUnit6responsibilityto get the plant goingagain.- Crime-fightingListeningequipmentThe entire processis computer-controlled.These are the main stages.First,225kilogrammes of flour, water, yeast, fat, andother ingredients are mixed in a steelmixer for three minutes to make dough.Then the dough is cut into loaves, put intotins and ]eft for 54 mÍnutes in a prover forthe yeast to work.
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