CCNA 1. Networking Basics v3.1.1 Student Lab Manual (796248), страница 5
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Each Hex value equals four binary bits. Start by breaking the binary value into 4-bit units fromright to left. Add any leading zeros required to end up with all 4-bit values. 01101110. 11101100would become 0110 1110 1110 1100.2. Use the table at the beginning of this lab to go directly to Hex. The other alternative is to converteach 4-bit binary value to decimal, 0-15.
Then convert the decimal to Hex, 0-F.PositionValuePositionValue43218421110084432184211110842= 12 or C= 14 or E3. The result is 6E-EC.PracticeConvert the following values to the other two forms:DecimalHex1a92FF3Bad14E7-63-1C55361157198212.65.119.4593-4Binary10101010CCNA 1: Networking Basics v 3.1 - Lab 1.2.8Copyright 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc.101101111111100.001111001200001100.10000000.11110000.11111111Checking conversions with the Windows CalculatorIt is important to be able to perform the previous calculations manually. However, to check the workusing the Windows Calculator applet, access the Calculator.
Click Start > Programs > Accessoriesand then Calculator. Click on the View menu to make sure that the calculator is in Scientific mode.Click on the button for the type of number to be entered, Hex, Dec or Bin. Enter the number in thatform. To convert from one form to another, click on one of the alternate buttons.4-4CCNA 1: Networking Basics v 3.1 - Lab 1.2.8Copyright 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc.Lab 2.3.6 OSI Model and TCP/IP ModelObjective•Describe the four layers of the TCP/IP model.•Relate the seven layers of the OSI model to the four layers of the TCP/IP model.•Name the primary TCP/IP protocols and utilities that operate at each layer.BackgroundThis lab will help to develop a better understanding of the seven layers of the OSI model.
Specificallyas they relate to the most popular functioning networking model in existence, the TCP/IP model. TheInternet is based on TCP/IP. TCP/IP has become the standard language of networking. However,the seven layers of the OSI model are the ones most commonly used to describe and comparenetworking software and hardware from various vendors. It is very important to know both modelsand be able to relate or map the layers of one to the other. An understanding of the TCP/IP modeland the protocols and utilities that operate at each layer is essential when troubleshooting.Steps1. Use the table below to compare the OSI layers with the TCP/IP protocol stack. In column two,indicate the proper name for each of the seven layers of the OSI model corresponding to thelayer number. List the TCP/IP layer number and its correct name in the next two columns.
Alsolist the term used for the encapsulation units, the related TCP/IP protocols and utilities thatoperate at each TCP/IP layer. More than one OSI layer will be related to certain TCP/IP layers.OSI comparison with TCP/IP Protocol StackOSI #OSI LayerNameTCP/IP #TCP/IP LayerNameEncapsul.UnitsTCP/IPProtocols atEach TCP/IPLayerTCPUtilities76543211-1CCNA 1: Networking Basics v 3.1 - Lab 2.3.6Copyright 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc.Lab 2.3.7 OSI Model Characteristics and DevicesObjective•Name the seven layers of the OSI model, in order. Use a mnemonic.•Describe the characteristics, functions and keywords relating to each layer.•Describe the packaging units used to encapsulate each layer.•Name the physical devices or components that operate at each layer.BackgroundThis lab will help to develop a better understanding of the seven layers of the OSI model.
Specificallyas they relate to the most popular functioning networking model in existence, the TCP/IP model. TheInternet is based on TCP/IP. TCP/IP has become the standard language of networking. However,the seven layers of the OSI model are the ones most commonly used to describe and comparenetworking software and hardware from various vendors. It is very important to know both modelsand be able to relate or map the layers of one to the other. An understanding of the TCP/IP modeland the protocols and utilities that operate at each layer is essential when troubleshooting.Steps1.
List the seven layers of the OSI model from the top to the bottom. Give a mnemonic word foreach layer that can help you remember it. Then list the keywords and phrases that describe thecharacteristics and function of each.Layer #NameMnemonicKey Words andDescription of Function76543211-2CCNA 1: Networking Basics v 3.1 - Lab 2.3.7Copyright 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc.2. List the seven layers of the OSI model and the encapsulation unit used to describe the datagrouping at each layer.
Also list the networking devices that operate at each layer, if applicable.Layer #NameEncapsulation Unitor Logical GroupingDevices orComponents thatOperate at this Layer76543212-2CCNA 1: Networking Basics v 3.1 - Lab 2.3.7Copyright 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc.Lab 3.1.1 Safe Handling and Use of a MultimeterObjective•Learn how to use and handle a multimeter correctly.BackgroundA multimeter is a powerful electrical testing tool that can detect voltage levels, resistance levels, andopen or closed circuits. It can check both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) voltage.Open and closed circuits are indicated by resistance measurements in Ohms.
Each computer andnetworking device consists of millions of circuits and small electrical components. A multimeter canbe used to debug electrical problems within a computer or networking device, or with the mediabetween networking devices.Prior to starting the lab, the teacher or lab assistant should have one multimeter available for eachteam, and various batteries for testing.
Work in teams of two. The following resources will berequired:•A digital multimeter. A Fluke 110 Series, 12B or similar for each team•A manual for the multimeter•A battery for each team to test. For example, a 9v, 1.5V or lantern.Note: The multimeter is a sensitive piece of electronic test equipment. Do not drop it or handle itcarelessly. Be careful not to accidentally nick or cut the red or black wire leads, called probes.1-2CCNA 1: Networking Basics v 3.1 - Lab 3.1.1Copyright 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc.Because it is possible to check high voltages, extra care should be taken to avoid electricalshock.Step 1Insert the red and black leads into the proper jacks on the meter.a.
The black probe should go in the COM jack and the red probe should go in the + (plus) jack.Step 2Turn on the multimeter. Click or turn to the on button.a. What is the model of multimeter?__________________________________________________________________________b. What action must be taken to turn the meter on?__________________________________________________________________________Step 3Swith or turn to different measurements. For example, voltage, and ohms.a. How many different switch positions does the multimeter have? ________________________b. What are they?__________________________________________________________________________Step 4Switch or turn the multimeter to the voltage measurement.a. What is the symbol for this? ___________________Step 5Put the tip of the red, positive lead on the positive side of a battery.
Put the tip of the black, negative,lead on the other end of a battery.a. Is any number showing up on the multimeter? _____If not, make sure to switch to the correct typeof measurement. For example Vol, voltage, or V. If the voltage is negative, reverse the leads.Reflection:1. Name one thing that should not be done to a multimeter. _____________________________2. Name one important function of a multimeter. _____________________________________3. If a voltage is negative when measuring a battery, what is wrong? ______________________2-2CCNA 1: Networking Basics v 3.1 - Lab 3.1.1Copyright 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc.Lab 3.1.2 Voltage MeasurementObjective•Demonstrate the ability to measure voltage with the multimeter safely.BackgroundThe digital multimeter is a versatile testing and troubleshooting device. This lab covers both directcurrent (DC) and alternating current (AC) voltage measurements.
Voltage is measured in either ACor DC volts, indicated by a V. Voltage is the pressure that moves electrons through a circuit from oneplace to another. Voltage differential is essential to the flow of electricity. The voltage differentialbetween a cloud in the sky and the earth is what causes lightning to strike.Note: It is very important to be careful when taking voltage measurements to avoid anelectrical shock.Direct current (DC): DC voltage rises to a set level and then stays at that level and flows in onedirection, positive or negative. Batteries produce DC voltage and are commonly rated at 1.5v or 9vand 6v.
Typically, the battery in a car or truck is a 12v battery. When an electrical “load” such as alight bulb or motor is placed between the positive (+) and negative (-) terminals of a battery,electricity flows.Alternating current (AC): AC voltage rises above zero, positive, and then falls below zero,negative. AC voltage changes direction very rapidly. The most common example of AC voltage is thewall outlet in a home or business. In North America, these outlets provide approximately 120 volts ofAC directly to any electrical appliance that is plugged in. Examples of appliances are a computer,1-3CCNA 1: Networking Basics v 3.1 - Lab 3.1.2Copyright 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc.toaster, or television. Some devices, such as small printers and laptop computers, have a a smallblack box called a transformer, that plugs into a 120V AC wall outlet.
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