Л.Ш. Атабаева - Английский язык. Технические факультеты и специальности (1254789), страница 3
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Say whether the given statements are true or false. Correct the falsestatements.1. The period of operation of modern civil transport aircraft is about 50 years.2. Costs are not taken into account while designing aircraft structures.3. Fatigue, corrosion, accidental damage can cause a catastrophic failure.4. Structural inspection program can consider only probable damage locations.5. Multiple load path is identified with redundant structures in which theapplied loads would be safely distributed to other load carrying members.6. Traditional materials research and engineering is essential to achieve thehigh-strength, heat-resistant, lightweight structures required in advancedsubsonic and supersonic aircraft.7.
HSCT means high-speed civil trends.8. The length of runways may influence the proposed gross weight of theplane.Grammar revision3.5. Put down the conditional sentences (1st, 2nd, 3d type), using the given notes. Then translate the sentences you’ve made.For example: be late for the conference -go by planeIf we are late for the conference, we will go by plane. ( Если нам нехватит времени, мы полетим на самолѐте.)1. consider a lot of aspects – design modern aircraft structures2. want to avoid the failure – evaluate the strength, detailed design andfabrication3.
use a single load path – the applied loads are eventually distributedthrough a single member within an assembly144. carry out innovative materials research – get the high-strength, heatresistant and lightweight structures5. want to maintain the vehicle properly – have a qualified technical staffSpeaking3.6. Write a list of key words and phrases (15-20) to help you retell thetext “Modern Trends in Design of Aircraft Structures”.Unit 44.1. Read the text and choose the sentence, conveying the main idea ofthe text.1. Composite materials are very expensive and that is why they are seldomapplied in modern aircraft construction.2.
Composite material consists of two or more separate components and themost widely used composite material in tactical aircraft is a carbon fibre/epoxy mix.3. A lot of commercial firms and enterprises carry out researches into newtypes of alloys for aircraft construction.COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN THE CONSTRUCTIONOF MODERN AIRCRAFTOne of the important applications of technological progress to modernaircraft is the use of composite materials in their construction. Moulded intoan epoxy resin matrix, they have produced extremely tough and stable materials that are replacing aluminum and aluminum alloys.Advances in technology have had an enormous impact on the shape,performance, reliability and composition of modern aircraft and fly-by-wireflight control systems (FCS).
Propulsion systems also have improved andadvances in structural technology have influenced the way aircraft are designed, produced and maintained.Until the late 1960s, almost all tactical aircraft were composed primarilyof aluminum and its alloys. High-speed aircraft used a sizeable amount oftitanium, but high cost and the demanding production requirements of thismaterial limited it to moderately high temperature applications. Consequently the latest tactical aircraft incorporate many non-metallic composite materials. Sixteen per cent of the structural weight of the Boeing F/A-18E/F and15Lockheed F/A-22 are made up of about 20 per cent of composite material.Future military aircraft such as the F-35 joint strike fighter are expected tohave a composite content of at least 35 per cent.Composite material is made up of two or more separate components thatwhen combined result in property changes that differ from the original materials.
Composites most widely used in combat aircraft are composed ofhigh-strength fibres of glass, boron, plastic or carbon that are embedded inan epoxy resin matrix. The fibres have very high strength, a uniform structure and lack flaws. The epoxy resin bonds with the fibres in the curingprocess to produce an extremely tough and stable material.The most widely used composite material in tactical aircraft is a carbonfibre/epoxy mix. Carbon epoxy has eclipsed boron-based composites because it is much cheaper to produce, easier to machine and drill, and can beformed into complex shapes to produce structural members such as sparsand ribs.
Other fibres typified by Dupont's Kevlar also are being used inaircraft production. Kevlar is less dense than carbon fibres but has inferiormechanical properties. It is used in pressure vessels, for ballistic protectionand as lightweight fibreglass non-structural parts.Big advantage of composites is that they are relatively insensitive toflaws.
Fatigue testing of composite structures demonstrated their high resistance to cracking and that fractures generally do not propagate. Compositematerials are very stable and so are not subject to corrosion as are metallicstructures. However, in the design process, careful attention must be paid tocomposite/metal interaction because through galvanic action some metalswill corrode when in contact with carbon fibre/resin laminate.However, composites do require new skills. Design, production andquality-control personnel have had to adjust to the way they operate in orderto take full advantage of the potential of these materials and to produce iteconomically. The computer has been a major ally in the move to composites.
Computer-aided design (CAD) has made it much easier to developcomposite structures and to understand their relationship with other elements of an aircraft more thoroughly.Composites have already had a major impact on military aircraft designand manufacture concepts and also have been used extensively in the latestgeneration of commercial aircraft.
As this technology continues to expandits applications metal aircraft and missiles will be seen as a throwback to anearlier era. New techniques call for new skills and computer and materialsscience now lead the way in aerodynamics. Just as metal planes replacedwire and wood, designers are adjusting to the new realities and possibilitiesavailable with computers and composite materials.16Vocabulary1. resin [`rezιn] – смола, канифоль2.
fly-by-wire flight control systems – системы дистанционного управления полѐтами3. рropulsion systems – движительная система, силовая установка4. embed – заделывать, заливать5. spar – (авиац.) лонжерон6. rib – (авиац.) нервюра7. ally[`ælaι] – друг, помощникVocabulary development4.2. Choose the synonyms for the following words.1. compositea) heavy, b) complex, c) expensive, d) similar;2. tougha) flexible, b) light, c) innovative, d) strong;3.
maintaina) keep up, b) produce, c) control, d) operate;4. bonda) connect, b) limit, c) divide, d) separate;5. propertya) shape, b) characteristic, c) material, d) element;6. fatiguea) accident, b) conception, c) corrosion, d) exhaustion;7. adjusta) find, b) apply, c) adapt, d) replace;8.
thoroughlya) entirely, b) partly, c) slightly, d) hardly.4.3. Replace the Russian words with the appropriate English equivalents.allows fibres tough dense missile generation application expand1. Применение of modern methods provides the high speed of themanufacturing process.2. To follow all the modern trends it is necessary to use extremelyпрочные materials.3.
Practically all materials used in production of such components areсплавы.4. Synthetic волокна is the integral part of high-strength structures.5. Oxygen is quite a плотный gas.6. Guided ракета was detected by the air-raid system.7. The latest поколение of military aircraft is aimed to protect the aerial frontiers.8. These technologies continue развиваться.17Comprehension4.4. Match the beginning of the sentence with its ending.1.
They have produced extremely tough and stable materials…2. Advances in structural technology have…3. Until the late 1960s, almost all tactical aircraft…4. Big advantage of composites is…5. Computer-aided design (CAD) has made6. Composites already have had a major impact…7. Metal aircraft and missiles will be seen…a)… were composed primarily of aluminum and its alloys.b)… to develop composite structures. influenced the way.c)… that are replacing aluminum and aluminum alloys.d)… aircraft are designed, produced and maintained.e)… as a throwback to an earlier era it much easier…f)… that they are relatively insensitive to flaws.g)… on military aircraft design.4.5.
Answer the questions.1. What has been changed in modern aircraft due to the advances in technology?2. What are the drawbacks of using titanium in high-speed aircraft?3. Will the F-35 joint strike fighter have a composite content of at least 35per cent or 20 per cent?4. Composite material is made up of more than three separate components,isn‟t it?5. What is Kevlar used for?6. Are composite materials stable?7. Why must careful attention be paid to composite/metal interaction in thedesign process?8.
How can design, production and quality-control personnel take full advantage of the potential of composite materials?9. Composites haven‟t been used extensively in the latest generation of aircraft, have they?10. What do new techniques call for?Grammar revision4.6. Name the types of the questions in the previous exercise (general,disjunctive, alternative, special). Choose one sentence in the text andwrite down four types of questions to it.184.7. Rewrite the sentences using the Reported Speech.Example: “The article is not very informative,” he said.
/ He said thatthe article was not very informative.1.”We mould this material into different shapes,” the worker said.2.”Read the instructions before you switch on the machine,” he said to me.3. “The use of aluminum is not irrelevant now,” told us the production manager.4. “Are all modern models of commercial aircraft made of such materials?”the passenger asked.5. “High resistance to cracking is its main advantage,” the engineer explained to us.6. “How does this mechanism function? “a student asked.7. “Who is controlling all the process?” he wondered.8.” Some metals will corrode when in contact with carbon fibre,” she said.Speaking4.8. Summarise the main ideas of the text.Unit 5Before you read5.1.
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