Л.Ш. Атабаева - Английский язык. Технические факультеты и специальности (1254789), страница 2
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Between1890 and 1895 he built and flew five monoplane fixed-wing gliders and twobiplane types. Actually Lilienthal made about 2.500 successful flights be8tween 1893 and 1896 becoming the greatest of the early pioneers of glidingand so the father of heavier-than-air flight.In December, 1903 the two brothers by the name of Wright made thefirst successful controlled and powered flight. But the very first poweredairplane was designed and constructed by A.S.Mojaisky in 1884, 19 yearsbefore the Wright brothers' flight.Vocabulary development2.8. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:полет человека; летательный аппарат, приводимый в движение мускульной силой человека; планер с неподвижным крылом; вертолет;парить в воздухе; планировать; полет на летательном аппарате тяжелеевоздуха; облетать планер; управляемый полет; моторный полет (полетс двигателем); созданный человеком летательный аппарат.2.9.
Make up possible word combinations.AB1) controlleda) aircraft2) fixed-wingb) speed3) heavier-than-airc) planes4) man-maded) glider5) aero-hydrodynamice) flight6) screwf) craft7) flightg) institute8) all-metalh) giants9) multienginedi) bombers10) long-distancej) fighters11) highly-maneuverablek) theory12) high-speed2.10. Match the words in A to the definitions in BAB1. investigationa) suitable and likely to make smth.
happen or succeed2. gratefulb) happening or chosen without any definite plan, aim,or pattern3. observationc) experience, endure4. favourabled) the process of watching smth. or smb. carefully5. undergoe) a careful search or examination in order to discoverfacts, etc6. randomf) thankful for gifts, favours, etc9Comprehension2.11. Answer the following questions on the text.1 Where is the first recorded attempt of flying in heavier-than-air craftfound?2.
According to the legend, were the first experiments with the wings, successful?3. Who began first serious investigations into the possibility of man-flight?4. What did Leonardo-da-Vinci design and invent?5. When did his ideas on the possibility of soaring in the air come to light?6. Who constructed several types of gliders?7. How many successful flights did O.Lilienthal make between 1893 and1896?8. Who made the first controlled and powered flight?2.12. Mark each statement as T (True), F (False) or N (Not Mentioned).1. Man‟s first attempts in flying heavier-than-air aircraft were successfulfrom the very beginning.2.
The first serious investigations into the possibility of man-flight tookplace in the 17th century.3. Leonardo-da-Vinci devised only one thing: a fixed-wing glider.4. Leonardo constructed 6 models with which he experimented.5. Since then no more experiments were carried out to build and fly menmade aircraft.6. Lilienthal was the greatest of the early pioneers of gliding.Grammar revision2.13. Translate the sentences paying attention to the use of the Gerund.1. Flying from Los-Angeles to Tokyo on board a new supersonic craft willtake two hours.2. The only way of overcoming the great air resistance at high velocities isflying higher.3. In flowing over the aircraft‟s surface the fuel cools its skin.4. On taking off from the Earth the rocket must get as much acceleration aspossible to work up the necessary speed.2.14.
Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.1. At low speeds the engine can use turbinescompressing the air beforemixing it with fuel in the combustion chamber.2. Daedalus succeededpropelling himself through the air by means ofwings attached to the body with wax.103. The aircraft of this type will be capable flying at five times above thespeed of the sound.4. The first recorded attemptflying in heavier-than-air craft is found inthe Greek legend.5.using supercomputers it is possible to avoidmaking mistakes inextremely complicated computations6. The Civil Aviation Council marked the beginning of the systematic workcreating Soviet Civil Aviation.2.15.
Translate into English:1. В 15 веке итальянский художник и ученый Леонардо да Винчиначал изучать возможность полета человека.2. Он спроектировал первый летательный аппарат, приводимый вдвижение мускульной силой человека, а также изобрел планер с неподвижным крылом и вертолет.3. Можайский был первым, кто спроектировал и построил самолетс силовым двигателем.4. Для строительства самолетов в царской России не было специализированной промышленной базы.5.
В 1918 правительство организовало Институт Аэро-Гидродинамики во главе с Н.Жуковским.6. Н.Жуковского можно считать основоположником современнойаэродинамики благодаря его известной теории крыла самолета и гребного винта.(The wing and the screw theory)Speaking2.16. Make a report on ”The Development of aviation”Unit 3Before you read3.1. Discuss in pairs:What should be taken into account while designing modern aircraftstructures?3.2. Read the text and check your answers.11MODERN TRENDS IN DESIGN OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURESModern aircrafts must undergo severe conditions such as differences inatmospheric pressure and temperature, or heavy structural load applied uponvehicle components. The current generations of civil transport aircraft weredesigned for at least 20 to 25 years and up to 90,000 flights.
Consequently,they are usually products of complex synthesis of various technologies andsciences, including developing new design methods, preparing advancedmaterials.Future aircraft types are designed for the same goals, but structure withhigher fatigue life (endurance), higher damage tolerance capability andhigher corrosion resistance are required to minimize the maintenance costsand to comply with the requirements of the operator and the enhanced airworthiness regulations.During the design of aircraft structures several aspects have to be considered to reach sufficient static strength as well as sufficient fatigue anddamage tolerance behavior.
The result of iterative calculations is an optimized design regarding weight, costs and aircraft performance. An evaluation of the strength, detailed design, and fabrication must show that a catastrophic failure due to fatigue, corrosion, or accidental damage, will beavoided throughout the operational life of the airplane.
The ultimate purposeof the damage tolerance evaluation is the development of a recommendedstructural inspection program considering probable damage locations, crackinitiation mechanisms, crack growth time histories and crack detectability.The damage tolerance design principle comprises two categories which are''single load path'' and ''multiple load path'' structure. Single load path iswhere the applied loads are eventually distributed through a single memberwithin an assembly, the failure of which would result in the loss of thestructural integrity of the component involved. Multiple load path is identified with redundant structures in which (with the failure of individual elements) the applied loads would be safely distributed to other load carryingmembers.Innovative materials research and engineering are essential to get thehigh-strength, heat-resistant, lightweight structures required in advancedsubsonic and supersonic aircraft.
General and specific research opportunities were determined for the civil aircraft industry using the HSCT (highspeed civil transport) as a basis for analysis.The designer of the craft must also consider the man-hours required tosupply and maintain the vehicle, as well as the training required for main12tenance crews. Maintenance costs and training are also considerations in thedesign of civil aircraft. The length of runways and their load-bearing weightmay influence the proposed gross weight of the plane, the design of itswings, and the configuration of its landing gear.Vocabulary1.
structures(зд.) – устройства, аппараты2. fatigue – тяжѐлая работа, усталость3. comply with the requirements- соблюдать требования4. airworthiness – годность к полѐтам5. load paths – путь нагружения (мех.)6. static strength – прочность при статической нагрузке7. damage tolerance behavior – режим работы при допустимых повреждениях8. delectability – обнаруружительная способность9. structural integrity – конструктивная целостность10.
redundant structure – статистически неопределимая конструкция11. load carrying member- механизм, подвергаемый нагрузке12. landing gear – шассиVocabulary development3.3. Choose the correct translation for the following phrases.1) vehicle componentsa)составные механизмыb) детали летательных аппаратовc)компоненты механизмовd) детальная разработка2) comply with the requirementsa)соответствовать требованиям b) противоречить требованиямc)согласовывать требованияd) соглашаться с требованиями3) crack initiationа)провал инициативыс) возникновение трещиныb) источник проблемыd) устранение дефекта4) crack detectabilityа) дефект деталис) поломка в устройстве обнаружения13b) способность обнаружитьполомкуd) способность находить устройства5) man-hoursа) часы работыс)человеческий факторb) трудовые ресурсыd) трудозатраты;6) landing gearа) шассис) колесоb) шиныd) кабина.Comprehension3.4.
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