Computer Science. The English Language Perspective - Беликова (1176925), страница 41
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В ряде случаев такой подход оправдан,например, когда решение разовой задачи нужно получитьлюбой ценойmagic eight ball также mystic 8 ball, шар судьбы, шарвопросов и ответов, шар предсказаний — игрушка,шуточный способ предсказывать будущее. Это шар,сделанный из пластмассы, обычно диаметром 10-11 см,внутри которого есть емкость с тёмной жидкостью, вкоторой плавает фигура с 20 поверхностями — икосаэдр,на которых нанесены ответы. Ответы (20 вариантов)нанесены в формате «да», «нет», «абсолютно точно»,«плохие шансы», «вопрос не ясен», и т.
д.Assignments1. Translate the sentences from the texts into Russian inwriting paying attention to the underlined words andphrases:For those who started their careers in AI and left indisillusionment or data scientists today, the consensus isoften that artificial intelligence is just a new fancymarketing term for good old predictive analytics.This is game changing, both in how organizationsoperate and strategize as well as the impact on customerexperience. These three principles are the foundation forcustomer and organizational engagement.243While the programmable era will continue perhapsindefinitely and certainly underpin the next era ofcomputing, cognitive systems represent a whole newapproach to solving complex data and informationanalysis problems that goes beyond just computing.Watson is a first step toward cognitive computing,expanding the reaches of human understanding byhelping us quickly and efficiently sift through massiveamounts of data, pinpointing the information andinsights that are now trapped within these sources.2.
Answer the following questions:1. What is the current situation in the field of AI?2. What are the three basic principles of new AI?3. Why is AI (in its current state) called “a super smartmagic eight ball”?4. How does Watson address complex problems?5. Where can cognitive computing systems be applied?3. Translate into English:До сих пор все, что было в кибернетике ивычислительной технике, базировалось, так или иначе, намоделях фон Неймана и Тьюринга. Сегодня IBM Researchисследует следующее поколение вычислительных систем —когнитивных — они, по сути, отходят от модели Тьюринга,которая говорит о том, что любое вычисление может бытьпредставлено в виде бесконечной ленты ячеек, в каждой изкоторых находится одна простая команда.Человеческий мозг так не работает. У нейронов, вопервых, гораздо больше связей; во-вторых, у нервнойклетки больше состояний, чем 0 и 1.
А в-третьих, и этосамое важное, у традиционных кибернетических устройствесть 3 принципиально разные функции, разделенныемежду разными модулями. Одна функция — это память,244где хранится информация, вторая функция — этоустройство ввода-вывода и третья — это, собственно говоря,функция вычисления. Нейрон – устройство универсальное:он получает информацию, хранит и перерабатывает ее.Таким образом, когнитивные машины, конечно,должны не заново создавать мозг (природа один раз ужеэто сделала), а на основе тех знаний о физических ихимических процессах, которые происходят в чипе,попытаться воспроизвести этот единый, параллельный поприроде, растянутый во времени процесс познания,мышления, восприятия и осмысления реальности, и наэтом основании выдать решение.Пока что живые системы гораздо более эффективны,прежде всего, энергетически. Суперкомпьютер Watson,обыгравшийучастниковтелевикториныJeopardy!,потребляет 80 кВт энергии, а человеческий мозг — 20 Вт.
Тоесть Watson в 4 тыс. раз менее энергоэффективен, чем мозг:на одинаковое по результату действие у него уходитгораздо больше энергии, чем у человека.4. Give the summary of the text using the key terms.Topics for essays (you might need additional information):The origins of AIExpert systemsAI2Cognitive computing245ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: ROBOTICS AND A-LIFEROBOTICSRead the following words and word combinations and usethem for understanding and translation of the text:intricate - мудреный, замысловатый, сложныйgears and cams - шестеренки и эксцентрикиtentative - пробный, экспериментальныйserf - крепостнойend effector - рабочий орган, захватное устройство,кольцевой захватwelding - сварка, сварочные работыautomatic guided vehicle - робокар, автоматическиуправляемая тележкаscouting - разведка, дозорrover - самоходная машинаlaw enforcement - правоохранительные органы, охранаправопорядкаmarket penetration - внедрение (выход) на рынокlow-wage - низкооплачиваемыйhazardous materials - опасные веществаviability - жизнеспособность, живучестьswarm intelligence - роевой интеллектswarm robotics - групповая робототехникаfault tolerance - отказоустойчивостьmalfunction - сбой, неисправностьscalable - масштабируемый, размерно варьируемыйmapping - картографированиеsenior lecturer - старший преподавательsearch-and-rescue - поисково-спасательный246contaminated environment - зараженная окружающаясредаenvision - предвидеть, представлять себе, воображатьThe idea of the automaton — the lifelike machine that performsintricate tasks by itself — is very old.
Simple automatons wereknown to the ancient world. By the 18th century, royal courtswere being entertained by intricate humanlike automatons thatcould play music, draw pictures, or dance. A little later camethe “Turk,” a chess-playing automaton that could beat mosthuman players.However, things are not always what they seem.
The trueautomatons, controlled by gears and cams, could play onlywhatever actions had been designed into them. They could notbe reprogrammed and did not respond to changes in theirenvironment. The chess-playing automaton held a concealedhuman player. True robotics began in the mid-20th century andhas continued to move between two poles: the pedestrian butuseful industrial robots and the intriguing but tentativecreations of the artificial intelligence laboratories.Industrial RobotsIn 1921, the Czech playwright Karel Capek wrote a play calledR.U.R. or Rossum’s Universal Robots.
Robot is a Czech word thathas been translated as work(er), serf, or slave. In the play therobots, which are built by factories to work in other factories,eventually revolt against their human masters. During the1960s, real robots began to appear in factory settings.An industrial robot is basically a movable arm that ends in a“hand” called an end effector. The arm and hand can be movedby some combination of hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, ormechanical means. Typical applications include assemblingparts, welding, and painting.
The robot is programmed for atask either by giving it a detailed set of commands to move to,grasp, and manipulate objects, or by “training” the robot bymoving its arm, hand, and effectors through the required247motions, which are then stored in the robot’s memory. Theearly industrial robots had very little ability to respond tovariations in the environment, such as the “work piece” that therobot was supposed to grasp being slightly out of position.However, later models have more sophisticated sensors toenable them to adjust to variations and still accomplish the task.Mobile Robots and Service RobotsIndustrial robots work in an extremely restricted environment,so their world representation can be quite simple.
However,robots that can move about in the environment have also beendeveloped. Military programs have developed automaticguided vehicles (AGVs) with wheels or tracks, capable ofnavigating a battlefield and scouting or attacking the enemy.Space-going robots including the Sojourner Mars rover alsohave considerable onboard “intelligence,” although theiroverall tasks are programmed by remote commands.Indeed, the extent to which mobile robots are truly autonomousvaries considerably. At one end is the “robot” that is steeredand otherwise controlled by its human operator, such as lawenforcement robots that can be sent into dangerous hostagesituations.Moving toward greater autonomy, we have the “service robots”that have begun to show up in some institutions such ashospitals and laboratories. These mobile robots are often usedto deliver supplies.
For example, the Help-Mate robot can travelaround a hospital by itself, navigating using an internal map. Itcan even take an elevator to go to another floor.Service robots have had only modest market penetration,however. They are relatively expensive and limited in function,and if relatively low-wage more versatile human labor isavailable, it is generally preferred. For now mobile robots andservice robots are most likely to turn up in specializedapplications in environments too dangerous for humanworkers, such as in the military, law enforcement, handling ofhazardous materials, and so on.248Smart RobotsRobotics has always had great fascination for artificialintelligence researchers. After all, the ability to functionconvincingly in a real-world environment would go a long waytoward demonstrating the viability of true artificial intelligence.Building a smart, more humanlike robot involves severalinterrelated challenges, all quite difficult.
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