Computer Science. The English Language Perspective - Беликова (1176925), страница 37
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Give the summary of the text using the key terms.IMAGE TYPESRead the following words and word combinations and usethem for understanding and translation of the text:added semantic value - добавленное семантическоезначениеslight shift - небольшое изменениеto edit on the pixel level - редактировать на пиксельномуровнеto be complementary to - дополнять218to be akin to – быть сродни чему-тоrelatively limited - относительно ограниченыinstance - случай, примерto rely on - полагаться на что-то, зависеть от чего-тоdistinction - различие, отличиеkeyframe - ключевой кадрlow bandwidth - медленный каналvirtual entities - виртуальные объектыto be mapped - отображатьсяTwo-dimensional2D computer graphics are the computer-based generation ofdigital images — mostly from two-dimensional models, such as2D geometric models, text, and digital images, and bytechniques specific to them.2D computer graphics are mainly used in applications thatwere originally developed upon traditional printing anddrawing technologies, such as typography, cartography,technical drawing, advertising, etc.
In those applications, thetwo-dimensional image is not just a representation of a realworld object, but an independent artifact with added semanticvalue; two-dimensional models are therefore preferred, becausethey give more direct control of the image than 3D computergraphics, whose approach is more akin to photography than totypography.Pixel artPixel art is a form of digital art, created through the use ofraster graphics software, where images are edited on the pixellevel. Graphics in most old (or relatively limited) computer andvideo games, graphing calculator games, and many mobilephone games are mostly pixel art.The term pixel art was first published by Adele Goldberg andRobert Flegal of Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in 1982. Theconcept, however, goes back about 10 years before that, for219example in Richard Shoup's SuperPaint system in 1972, also atXerox PARC.Some traditional art forms, such as counted-thread embroidery(including cross-stitch) and some kinds of mosaic andbeadwork, are very similar to pixel art.
These art formsconstruct pictures out of small colored units similar to thepixels of modern digital computing. A similar concept on amuch bigger scale can be seen in the North Korean ArirangFestival.Vector graphicsVector graphics formats are complementary to raster graphics.Raster graphics is the representation of images as an array ofpixels and is typically used for the representation ofphotographic images.
Vector graphics consists in encodinginformation about shapes and colors that comprise the image,which can allow for more flexibility in rendering. There areinstances when working with vector tools and formats is bestpractice, and instances when working with raster tools andformats is best practice. There are times when both formatscome together. An understanding of the advantages andlimitations of each technology and the relationship betweenthem is most likely to result in efficient and effective use oftools.Three-dimensional3D computer graphics in contrast to 2D computer graphics aregraphics that use a three-dimensional representation ofgeometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposesof performing calculations and rendering 2D images. Suchimages may be for later display or for real-time viewing.Despite these differences, 3D computer graphics rely on manyof the same algorithms as 2D computer vector graphics in thewire frame model and 2D computer raster graphics in the finalrendered display.
In computer graphics software, thedistinction between 2D and 3D is occasionally blurred; 2D220applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such aslighting, and primarily 3D may use 2D rendering techniques.3D computer graphics are often referred to as 3D models. Apartfrom the rendered graphic, the model is contained within thegraphical data file. However, there are differences. A 3D modelis the mathematical representation of any three-dimensionalobject. A model is not technically a graphic until it is visuallydisplayed. Due to 3D printing, 3D models are not confined tovirtual space. A model can be displayed visually as a twodimensional image through a process called 3D rendering, orused in non-graphical computer simulations and calculations.There are some 3D computer graphics software for users tocreate 3D images e.g.
Autocad, Photoshop, Solidwork, Googlesketchup etc.Computer animationComputer animation is the art of creating moving images viathe use of computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics andanimation. Increasingly it is created by means of 3D computergraphics, though 2D computer graphics are still widely used forstylistic, low bandwidth, and faster real-time rendering needs.Sometimes the target of the animation is the computer itself, butsometimes the target is another medium, such as film. It is alsoreferred to as CGI (Computer-generated imagery or computergenerated imaging), especially when used in films.Virtual entities may contain and be controlled by assortedattributes, such as transform values (location, orientation, andscale) stored in an object's transformation matrix. Animation isthe change of an attribute over time.
Multiple methods ofachieving animation exist; the rudimentary form is based on thecreation and editing of keyframes, each storing a value at agiven time, per attribute to be animated. The 2D/3D graphicssoftware will interpolate between keyframes, creating aneditable curve of a value mapped over time, resulting inanimation. Other methods of animation include procedural andexpression-based techniques: the former consolidates related221elements of animated entities into sets of attributes, useful forcreating particle effects and crowd simulations; the latter allowsan evaluated result returned from a user-defined logicalexpression, coupled with mathematics, to automate animationin a predictable way (convenient for controlling bone behaviorbeyond what a hierarchy offers in skeletal system set up).To create the illusion of movement, an image is displayed onthe computer screen then quickly replaced by a new image thatis similar to the previous image, but shifted slightly.
Thistechnique is identical to the illusion of movement in televisionand motion pictures.Notes:Raster Graphics - Компьютерное растровое изображениепредставляется в виде прямоугольной матрицы, каждаяячейка которой задана цветной точкой — вместе ониформируют целостную картинку. Пиксели подобнызернам фотографии и при значительном увеличениистановятсязаметными.Растровыеизображенияиспользуются чаще векторных, так как они более просты вполучении и допечатной подготовке.CGI (Computer-generated imagery or computer-generatedimaging) - стандарт интерфейса, используемого для связивнешней программы с веб-сервером. Программу, котораяработает по такому интерфейсу совместно с веб-сервером,принято называть шлюзом, хотя многие предпочитаютназвания «скрипт» (сценарий) или «CGI-программа».CGI также может означать «Computer‐generated imagery»— компьютерные спецэффекты.Assignments1.
Translate the sentences from the texts into Russian inwriting paying attention to the underlined words andphrases:2221. 2D computer graphics are mainly used in applicationsthat were originally developed upon traditional printingand drawing technologies, such as typography,cartography, technical drawings.2. Vector graphics formats are complementary to rastergraphics.3. Raster graphics is the representation of images as anarray of pixels and is typically used for therepresentation of photographic images. g, advertising,etc.4. Despite these differences, 3D computer graphics rely onmany of the same algorithms as 2D computer vectorgraphics in the wire frame model and 2D computerraster graphics in the final rendered display.2.
Answer the following questions:1.2.3.4.Where is 2D graphics traditionally used?What do you know about pixel art?What does vector graphics consist in?What are the main differences between 2D and 3Dgraphics?5. What methods of animation do you know?3. Translate into English:Компьютерная графика - технология создания иобработкиграфическихизображенийсредствамивычислительной техники.Компьютерная графика изучает методы полученияизображений полученных на основании невизуальныхданныхилиданных,созданных непосредственнопользователем.Растроваяграфика(rastergraphics)—видкомпьютерной графики, используемой в приложениях, в223частности, для рисования, близкого по технике ктрадиционному процессу (на бумаге или холсте). Данные впамяти ЭВМ хранятся в виде «карты» яркости и цвета длякаждогоэлементаизображения(пикселя)илипрямоугольной матрицы пикселей (bitmap), дополненнойданными о цвете и яркости каждого из них, а также способесжатия записи и другими сведениями которые могутсодержаться в «заголовке» и «концовке» файла.Векторная графика(vector graphics) —видкомпьютерной графики, используемой в приложениях длярисования.
В отличие от растровой графики позволяетпользователю создавать и модифицировать исходныеизобразительные образы при подготовке рисунков,технических чертежей и диаграмм путем их вращения,увеличения или уменьшения, растягивания. Графическиеобразы создаются и хранятся в памяти ЭВМ в виде формул,описывающихразличныегеометрическиефигуры,которые являются компонентами изображения.4. Give the summary of the text using the key terms.Topics for essays (you might need additional information):History and development of computer graphics3D modelingComputer animation224ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OVERVIEWDEFINITIONSRead the following words and word combinations and usethem for understanding and translation of the text:to impart - наделятьattribute - определениеhighest good – высшее благоoffhand – импровизированный, сделанный на скоруюрукуenclosed surface – замкнутое пространствоbehavior pattern – модель поведенияobservable – наблюдаемыйinsufficient definition – неполное определениеtersely and concisely – сжато и краткоto lose relevance – терять актуальностьhuman reasoning – мышление человека, человеческоемышлениеto adjust – приспосабливатьсяproductive approach - плодотворный подходto a limited extent – в определенных пределахchatterbot–чатбот,программа«виртуальныйсобеседник»The term artificial intelligence stirs emotions.
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