Computer Science. The English Language Perspective - Беликова (1176925), страница 35
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В качестве источниковфотонов применяются лазерные диоды передающихмодулейВОЛС;далеепроисходитсущественноеослабление мощности светового сигнала - до уровня, когдасреднее число фотонов на один импульс становится многоменьше единицы. Системы передачи информации поВОЛС, в приемном модуле которых применяютсялавинные фотодиоды в режиме счета фотонов, называютсяквантовыми оптическими каналами связи (КОКС).Понятно, что вследствие малой энергетики сигналовскорости передачи информации в КОКС по сравнению с205возможностями современных ВОЛС не слишком высоки (откилобит до мегабит в секунду, в зависимости отреализации).
Поэтому в большинстве случаев квантовыекриптографические системы (ККС) применяются дляраспределения ключей, которые затем используютсясредствами шифрования высокоскоростного потокаданных.Необходимоотметить,чтоквантовокриптографическое оборудование пока серийно невыпускается. Однако по мере совершенствования иудешевления применяемой элементной базы можноожидать появления ККС на рынке телекоммуникаций вкачестве,например,дополнительнойуслугиприпостроении корпоративных волоконно-оптических сетей.4. Give the summary of the text using the key terms.Topics for essays (you might need additional information):The Information Age and the increased vulnerability ofsensitive data.Cryptography, cryptology, cryptanalysis, and theirinterrelation.Historical insight into the development of cryptographyand cryptology.The evolution of modern encryption.The challenges of quantum cryptology.206COMPUTER GRAPHICSHISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTRead the following words and word combinations and usethem for understanding and translation of the text:in a sense - в широком смыслеto be widespread - быть распространеннымto improve - улучшатьto emerge - возникать, появлятьсяvisual content - визуальное содержаниеrendering - передачаto be coined by - быть созданнымamendable - поддающийся улучшениюto be hooked up to - быть подключенным к чему-либоforbidding - запрещающийnon-obvious uses - неявные, неосновные использованияThe term computer graphics has been used in a broad sense todescribe "almost everything on computers that is not text orsound".Computer graphics is widespread today.
The computerimagery is found on television, in newspapers, for example inweather reports, or for example in all kinds of medicalinvestigation and surgical procedures. A well-constructedgraph can present complex statistics in a form that is easier tounderstand and interpret. In the media "such graphs are used toillustrate papers, reports, thesis", and other presentationmaterial.Many powerful tools have been developed to visualize data.Computer generated imagery can be categorized into severaldifferent types: 2D, 3D, and animated graphics.
As technologyhas improved, 3D computer graphics have become morecommon, but 2D computer graphics are still widely used.207Computer graphics has emerged as a sub-field of computerscience which studies methods for digitally synthesizing andmanipulating visual content. Over the past decade, otherspecialized fields have been developed like informationvisualization, and scientific visualization more concerned with"the visualization of three dimensional phenomena(architectural, meteorological, medical, biological, etc.), wherethe emphasis is on realistic renderings of volumes, surfaces,illumination sources, and so forth, perhaps with a dynamic(time) component".The phrase “Computer Graphics” was coined in 1960 byWilliam Fetter, a graphic designer for Boeing.
The field ofcomputer graphics developed with the emergence of computergraphics hardware. Early projects like the Whirlwind andSAGE Projects introduced the CRT as a viable display andinteraction interface and introduced the light pen as an inputdevice.Most early mainframe business computers produced out- putonly in the form of punched cards, paper tape, or text printouts.However, system designers realized that some kinds of datawere particularly amenable to a graphical representation.
In theearly 1950s, the first systems using the cathode ray tube (CRT)for graphics output found specialized application. For example,the MIT Whirlwind and the Air Force’s SAGE air defensesystem used a CRT to display information such as the locationand heading of radar targets. By the late 1970s, themicrocomputers from Apple, Radio Shack, Commodore, andothers either included CRT monitors or had adapters thatallowed them to be hooked up to regular television sets. Thesemachines generally came with a version of the BASIC languagethat included commands for plotting lines and points andfilling enclosed figures with color.
While crude by modernstandards, these graphics capabilities meant that spreadsheetprograms could provide charts while games and simulationscould show moving, interacting objects. Desktop computersshowed pictures on television-like screens. Research at the208Xerox PARC laboratory in the 1970s demonstrated theadvantages of a graphical user interface based on visual objects,including menus, windows, dialog boxes, and icons.The Apple Macintosh, introduced in 1984, was the firstcommercially viable computer in which everything displayedon the screen (including text) consisted of bitmapped graphics.Microsoft’s similar Windows operating environment becamedominant on IBM architecture PCs during the 1990s.Today Apple, Microsoft, and UNIX-based operating systemsinclude extensive graphics functions.
Game and multimediadevelopers can call upon such facilities as Apple QuickDrawand Microsoft Directx to create high resolution, realisticgraphics.What is computer graphics used for?Obvious uses of computer graphics include computer art, CGIfilms, architectural drawings, and graphic design — but thereare many non-obvious uses as well and not all of them are"artistic." Scientific visualization is a way of producing graphicoutput from computer models so it's easier for people tounderstand.
Computerized models of global warming producevast tables of numbers as their output, which only a PhD inclimate science could figure out; but if you produce a speededup animated visualization — with the Earth getting bluer as itgets colder and redder as it gets hotter — anyone canunderstand what's going on. Medical imaging is another goodexample of how graphics make computer data moremeaningful. When doctors show you a brain or body scan,you're looking at a computer graphic representation drawnusing vast amounts of data produced from thousands orperhaps even millions of measurements. The jaw-droppingphotos beamed back from space by amazing devices like theHubble Space Telescope are usually enhanced with the help ofa type of computer graphics called image processing; that mightsound complex, but it's not so very different from using a209graphics package like Google Picasa or PhotoShop to touch upyour holiday snaps).And that's really the key point about computer graphics: theyturn complex computer science into everyday art we can allgrasp, instantly and intuitively.
Back in the 1980s, whenprogramming a Commodore PET, the only way to get it to doanything was to type meaningless little words like PEEK andPOKE onto a horribly unfriendly green and black screen.Virtually every modern computer now has what's called a GUI(graphical user interface), which means you operate themachine by pointing at things you want, clicking on them withyour mouse or your finger, or dragging them around your"desktop." It makes so much more sense because we're visualcreatures: something like a third of our cortex (higher brain) isgiven over to processing information that enters our headsthrough our eyes. That's why a picture really is worth athousand words (sometimes many more) and why computersthat help us visualize things with computer graphics have trulyrevolutionized the way we see the world.Notes:CRT - мониторы (Cathode Ray Tube) - самыйраспространенный тип.
Как видно из названия, в основевсех подобных мониторов лежит катодно-лучевая трубка,или, как принято говорить в отечественной литературе,электронно-лучевая трубка (ЭЛТ).Microsoft Directx - Microsoft DirectX - это ряд технологий,благодаря которым компьютеры на основе Windowsстановятся идеальной средой для запуска и отображенияприложений, богатых элементами мультимедиа, такимикак цветная графика, видео, трехмерная анимация истереозвук. DirectX включает обновления, повышающиебезопасность и производительность, а также новыефункции, относящиеся к различным технологиям, ккоторым приложение может обращаться с помощьюDirectX API.210Assignments1.
Translate the sentences from the texts into Russian inwriting paying attention to the underlined words andphrases:1. A well-constructed graph can present complex statisticsin a form that is easier to understand and interpret.2. Many powerful tools have been developed to visualizedata.3. Over the past decade, other specialized fields have beendeveloped like information visualization.4. The phrase “Computer Graphics” was coined in 1960 byWilliam Fetter.5.
The field of computer graphics developed with theemergence of computer graphics hardware.6. By the late 1970s, the microcomputers from Apple,Radio Shack, Commodore, and others either includedCRT monitors or had adapters that allowed them to behooked up to regular television sets.2.
Answer the following questions:1. Where can the computer imagery be seen?2. From what sub-field of computer science did thecomputer graphics emerge?3. Who coined the term “computer graphics”?4. What are the main steps of computer graphicsdevelopment?5. What are the main fields of computer graphiсsapplication?3. Translate into English:Область применения компьютерной графики неограничивается одними художественными эффектами.
Во211всех отраслях науки, техники, медицины, в коммерческой иуправленческой деятельности используются построенные спомощью компьютера схемы, графики, диаграммы,предназначенныедлянаглядногоотображенияразнообразной информации. Конструкторы, разрабатываяновые модели автомобилей и самолетов, используюттрехмерные графические объекты, чтобы представитьокончательный вид изделия.
Архитекторы создают наэкране монитора объемное изображение здания, и этопозволяет им увидеть, как оно впишется в ландшафт.4. Give the summary of the text using the key terms.CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLESRead the following words and word combinations and usethem for understanding and translation of the text:binary format - двоичный форматsequencerasterimagesofonesandzerosпоследовательность растровых изображений из единици нулейarranged in - расположены вgrid - сетка, решеткаrepresented using dots or squares - представлены сиспользованием точек или квадратовvariable - переменнаяdeliberate - намеренный, обдуманныйdistinctive style – отличительный (характерный) стильto vary - менятьсяpredictable - предсказуемыйray tracing - трассировка лучейshading - затемнениеto depict - отражать212accurate and smooth surface patches - точные и гладкиеучастки поверхностиpolygonal mesh modeling - моделирование многоугольнойсеткиImages are typically produced by optical devices; such ascameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, etc.
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