Computational Thinking - Учебное пособие (1176923), страница 17
Текст из файла (страница 17)
Уже сейчас, несмотря на возникающиетрудности,несколькороссийскихпоставщиковкоммерческих решений уверенно предлагают заказчикампонятную модель востребованных решений на основеоблачных вычислений.В настоящее время среди популярных направлений CloudComputing, которые можно уверенно внедрить впромышленную эксплуатацию, стоит выделить решенияс применением технологий виртуализации. Такиерешения удобно внедрять в приватных облачных средах,контролируемых какой-либо организацией. Выгодакрупных компаний, которые переведут рабочие местаслужащих на «тонкие клиенты», очевидна.
Такаяметодикапозволитминимизироватьрасходынасодержаниеиадминистрированиекомпьютернойтехники компании, а также сэкономит электроэнергию,так как тонкие клиенты в 10 раз экономичнее ПК впотреблении электричества.Экономия электроэнергии и расходов на поддержкуотдела IT – далеко не все достоинства технологийоблачных вычислений. Применяя облачные вычисленияна базе виртуализации для разработки и тестирования,разработчики могут в любой момент рассчитывать наполучение необходимых серверных мощностей.7. Develop the following ideas in writing an essay (120-150words):1. The history of cloud computing2.
The characteristics of cloud computing3. Advantages and Problems of Cloud Computing4. The future of cloud computing95Social Multimedia ComputingWords and phrases:PrevalenceTo triggerCollaborationSpontaneitySecurity breaches– широкая распространённость– инициировать– сотрудничество– естественность– нарушение правилбезопасностиIntrusive– навязчивый, назойливыйInvasion of privacy– вмешательство в личнуюжизньVideo surveillance systems – система видеонаблюденияLaw enforcement– правовое принуждение;применение законаPervasive data– всюду проникающие,распространяющиеся данныеUbiquitous- повсеместныйTo spawn- размножаться, порождатьCollusion– тайный сговорWhitewashing- приукрашиватьTo alleviate– смягчать, облегчатьA hotspot– точка доступаEdutainment– обучение с элементамиразвлеченияTime-critical- срочныйA colluder- участник монопольногосговораAncillary– вспомогательный,добавочныйBlogs and social networks are becoming an increasinglyimportant part of media consumption for Internet users.With the ubiquitous presence of capture devices such asphones, digital cameras, and camcorders, the Internet hasbeen transformed into a major channel for multimediacontent delivery.
The next evolution is upon us, as the past96decade has witnessed a coming together of social networkingsites —Facebook, MySpace, Blogger, LinkedIn — andcontent-sharing services — YouTube, Flickr, Youku — thathave sprung up as platforms to facilitate users' creating andsharing content as well as building large groups of friends.The hybrid of multimedia and social media, which we callsocial multimedia, supports new types of user interaction. Forexample, YouTube recently introduced a feature that lets usersrespond to other users' video contributions, thereby creatingasynchronous multimedia conversations.
Social multimedia alsoprovides an additional context for understanding multimediacontent. For example, aggregating behavioral data (such as clickand pause) over all users watching the same video might revealthe video's most interesting scenes or objects. Clearly, socialmultimedia has great potential to change how wecommunicate and collaborate.Computing technology has similarly evolved rapidly over thepast decade. Motivated by the growth of social mediaapplications, social computing has emerged as a novelcomputing paradigm that involves studying and managingsocial behavior and organizational dynamics to produceintelligent applications.
However, the wide prevalence of socialmultimedia poses a significant challenge for social computingbecause many new issues involving social activity andinteraction around multimedia must be addressed in a mediaspecific manner.Nevertheless, multimedia research still remains open, given thechallenging nature of this area's research focus.
Socialmultimedia can help improve existing multimedia applications,so we use the term social multimedia computing to denote themore focused multidisciplinary research and application fieldbetween social sciences and multimedia technology.Major Application AreasIn a broad sense, we can use social multimedia computing inany application area that uses social multimedia as input, suchas online content-sharing sites. It also offers different avenuesfor the multimedia domain by improving existing multimedia97applications and spawning attractive alternatives.In the history of social multimedia, YouTube is undoubtedlyone of the major milestones, mainly because it created aplatform that provides an attractive user experience aroundsharing video online.
YouTube's success triggered other onlinecontent-sharing sites such as Flickr, Digg, and Youku, all ofwhich offer users the option to upload, share, and tag images,audios, and videos, and create social networks by designatingcontacts or friends. A similar service, videoblogging, orvlogging, combines embedded videos or video links withsupporting text and images. A typical example is BarackObama's vlog in the 2008 US presidential election.As a surrogate to content-based searches currently in theirinfancy, collaborative recommendation is an important toolfor finding multimedia content.Compared to online video-sharing services, vlogs demonstratestronger social characteristics, such as social networks. Theyalso provide better social-interaction data to facilitate analyzingtemporal interaction dynamics because entities are oftenarchived in reverse chronological order.
Online content sharingand vlogging have experienced tremendous growth in the pastseveral years and created a huge marketing opportunity.According to eMarketer, online content-sharing sites willattract 101 million users in the US and earn $4.3 billion in adrevenue by 2011.Social multimedia computing, together with onlinecommunities, could help create more capable computationalinfrastructures to support interaction, group activity, andcollaborative work.
Google's Picasa offers one example.Although originally designed as a software application for editingand organizing digital photos, people now use Picasa to collect,share, and tag photos. Another example is in YouTube's videoresponse mechanism, which lets users provide reviews forproducts or places and exchange opinions about certain topicsthrough a much richer media than simple text. This videobased interaction opens new doors for originality andspontaneity in user interactions.98Ideas and technologies from social multimedia computinghave recently found their applications in communicationchannels such as peer-to-peer networks.
A P2P networkconsists of nodes, or peers, that act as both resource suppliersand consumers of resources; they can share a portion of theseresources — such as disk storage and network bandwidth —with other peers. However, the lack of authority or structureposes several challenges for unstructured P2P systems, includingfree-riding, the existence of firewalls/NATs, security breaches,and malicious behavior, including cheating, whitewashing, andcollusion. To alleviate these problems, we can model P2Pnetworks as multimedia social networks and then analyzeuser behavior and the impact of human dynamics onmultimedia communication.
Modeling P2P networks associal structures can allow incentive, reputation, or paymentmechanisms to reward good peers and punish misbehaviors sothat peers are more inclined to cooperate. Such modeling andanalysis provides fundamental guidelines to better designmultimedia networking systems. A recent survey of Skype, forexample, showed that the performance problems resultingfrom free-riding and NATs could be reduced by applyingsocial networks in P2P systems.Social multimedia searchMultimedia search provides an important application area forsocial multimedia computing. The proliferation of usergenerated content (UGC) and the associated metadata on socialmultimedia sites introduces new challenges in search,including vulnerability to spam and noise, and short lifespan.Further, much of the content offers little value to the generalpublic, and access control restricts most UGC messages toonly a few recipients.
Thus by using social network analysis andsocially collected data, social multimedia computing couldenable improved content analysis.As a surrogate to content-based searches currently in theirinfancy, collaborative recommendation is an important tool forfinding multimedia content. For example, developers estimatethat 53 percent of online video searchers discovered online99video content through friends. So user-behavior models andmultimedia social networks could be used to create arecommender system that helps people find images or videosand potential collaborators.Interactive services and entertainmentInteractive service is one of the most promising applicationareas of social multimedia computing — one such example isonline video advertising. Although Web advertising isinteractive by nature, hyperlinked videos and vlogs offer aunique and more complex level of engagement with theirprecise targeting capability.
This new advertising model is lessintrusive, displaying advertising information only when the userchooses it by clicking on an object in a video. By learning userpreferences through multimedia social network analysis, thehotspots that correspond to brands could be further highlightedto extract more interests from users.An increasing trend is to harness the wisdom of crowds. Thisis particularly true in interactive entertainment such asgaming, storytelling, and edutainment. Recently, researchershave explored collective intelligence in the form of onlinegames, called games with a purpose. By playing these games,people contribute to their understanding of entities on theWeb and even collectively solve large-scale computationalproblems such as categorizing online pictures, monitoringdistributed security cameras, and improving online videosearch.HealthcareAccording to recent public health findings, physical healthfactors such as obesity, emotional health factors such ashappiness or depression, and harmful habits such as smokingcan significantly affect an individual's social network.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
