Computational Thinking - Учебное пособие (1176923), страница 19
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DARPA is soliciting innovative research proposals to developthe Persistent Stare Exploitation and Analysis System for105automaticallyandinteractivelydiscoveringactionableintelligence through wide-area-threat analysis of complexmotion imagery surveillance of urban, suburban, and ruralenvironments.7. Several studies have focused on social behavior andorganization dynamics in online text-blog communities.8. Large-scale experiments are needed to verify whether the"six-degrees-of-separation principle" remains valid in vlogcommunities, given that the change of media forms from textonly to video might speed up information propagation andconsequently shorten networks.9. This study could shed new insights into real-worldapplications such as online advertising and viral marketing.4.
Give English equivalents to the following words andphrases:облегчать; содействовать; принимая во внимание; сучетом; вызвать ответную реакцию; сделать следующийшаг; инициировать; дать начало чему-либо; бытьсклоннымделатьчто-то;деятельностьправоохранительных органов; догадаться о; сделатьпредположение;препятствоватьчему-либо;впоследующие годы5.
Answer the following questions:1. What is social media computing?2. What approach reduces name ambiguity?3. What is social-empowered multimedia computing?4. What is collaborative tagging?5. What are the major application areas of social multimediacomputing?6. What is vlogging?7. What is a P2P network? What are its challenges?8. How can we solve the problems of P2P networks?9. What is free-riding?10. What does UGC stand for?11.
What are the three different networks that make multimedia106social networks?12. What are the key challenges of multimedia computingsystems?13. How can we understand contextualized media on threelevels of meaning?14. How do social activities affect multimedia computing?6. Fill in the blanks with the words and phrases from thearticle:1. The 1980s … an unprecedented increase in the scope of theelectronic media.2.
Social multimedia has great … to change how wecommunicate and collaborate.3. The issues raised by social computing are often beyondthe general field's …. .4. Online content sharing and vlogging create a huge marketing….5. The usage of such sensor data will also give … to privacyissues.6.
A social data network can be … from online activities such astagging and collaborative recommendation.7. The problems can be … down to three multimedia datamining tasks.8. The study could … new insights into real-world applicationssuch as online advertising and viral marketing.7. Translate from Russian into English:«Социальный мультимедийный компьютинг» (SocialMultimediaComputing)–новаяобластьмеждисциплинарных исследований, в которой наводятсямосты между общественными науками и технологиеймультимедиа.Блоги и социальные сети становятся все более важнойчастью медийного контента, используемого посетителямиInternet.Приповсеместномналичиимобильныхтелефонов, цифровых фото- и видеокамер Internetпреобразуется в основной канал доставки пользователям107мультимедийногоконтента.Теперьнаблюдаетсяследующий виток эволюции, поскольку за прошедшеедесятилетиепоявилисьсайты,поддерживающиесоциальные сети (Facebook, MySpace, Blogger, LinkedIn),и службы совместного использования контента (YouTube,Flickr, Youku), которые становятся платформами,облегчающимипроизводствоисовместноеиспользование пользовательского контента, а такжесоздание крупных групп единомышленников.Гибрид технологий мультимедиа и социальных сетей,который авторы называют социальным мультимедиа,поддерживаетновыетипывзаимодействийпользователей.
Например, в YouTube недавно появилосьсредство, которое позволяет пользователям откликатьсяна видеоролики, выложенные другими пользователями,чтоприводиткпоявлениюасинхронныхмультимедийных диалогов. Социальное мультимедиатакжеобеспечиваетдополнительныйконтекст,облегчающий понимание мультимедийного контента.Например, агрегация данных о поведении всехпользователей, смотрящих один и тот же видеоролик(например, данных о нажатии кнопки «пауза»), можетпомочь выявить наиболее интересные сцены и объектыэтого ролика. Очевидно, что у социального мультимедиаимеется громадный потенциал для изменения способовкоммуникации и сотрудничества людей.В последние годы быстро эволюционировала икомпьютерная технология.
Под влиянием роста числаприложений социальных сетей возник социальныйкомпьютинг–новаяпарадигмакомпьютинга,предполагающая исследование общественного поведенияи организационной динамики, а также управление имидля создания интеллектуальных приложений. Однакоширокое распространение социального мультимедиаставитпередсоциальнымкомпьютингомновыесерьезные проблемы, связанные с общественнойактивностьюивзаимодействиемвконтексте108мультимедиа.Имеется много нерешенных проблем и в областисобственно мультимедиа. Социальное мультимедиаможетпомочьусовершенствоватьсуществующиемультимедийные приложения, и термин социальныймультимедийныйкомпьютингхарактеризуетмеждисциплинарную область исследований и разработкиприложений, опирающихся на достижения в областиобщественных наук и технологии мультимедиа.8. Develop the following ideas in writing an essay (120-150words):1.
The challenges facing multimedia computing and ways tosolve them.2. The future of multimedia computing: your prognosis.3. Piracy and collusion dynamics on multimedia socialnetworks: dangers and solutions.4. The privacy protection issues in social multimedia: ways toguarantee it.109AppendixSome tips on the analysis and translation of writtenmaterialWhen you translate the text from English into Russian asclose as possible to the original you receive a literaltranslation.
However, it is desirable that a translation of theoriginal scientific text be not literal, but adequate.For an adequate translation of scientific texts, it is importantto take into account:• the special focus of the text• the context• the structural features of the original language• the translation of individual words, collocations andterms.In an adequate translation from English into Russian, it isimportant to find the only possible lexical compliance and thegrammatical forms in the Russian language that most closelyreflect the grammatical structures of the English sentences.How to write a summaryA summary is a brief account giving the main points of amatter. Its ultimate aim in written practice is to present ideasof the written materials clearly and concisely expressed.The summaries or abstracts can be different.
They can refer toone big scientific work or to a round-up of several worksdevoted to the same theme. However, the basic idea of theproposed method of writing a summary or an essay in Englishis not to give a word for word translation into English, but totry to present it clearly, and creatively. The principle ofunderstanding and comparing the semantics and thegrammatical structures of the original Russian phrases andrelevant words and expressions in English is at the heart ofwriting your own research papers in English.Stage 1.110Before you write a summary, you need to read the whole textand understand its contents (scheming reading).
Next, youneed to write down the main ideas of the text in a logicalorder and then divide the text into the introduction, the mainor principal part, and the conclusion.Stage 2.At the next step you need to go back to reading of the textwith the purpose of analyzing its lexical and grammaticalstructures and overcoming the main language difficulties(close reading).You need to find the main idea in each textual unit (aparagraph) of the paper or the book and define the topicsentences in it.You should give each paragraph a suitable title and pass to alogical plan of the items.Stage 3.
Finally, you should combine the kernel sentencesinto a coherent summary using connective words. Rereadyour summary and make sure that it has the logical order ofthe material presentation. Your concluding paragraph shouldbe a statement of your own ideas.Do not forget to mention the title of the book or the articleand the author’s full name.How to write a composition or an essayKey words:Научная статья - а scientific article, a paperРеферат - а summary, an abstract, a synopsisТезисы доклада - abstracts of communication, thesesРецензия - а reviewIt is commonplace that no distinction is made between acomposition and an essay writing, and students are often freeto interpret the subjects set in any way they like.
However,these two forms of the written work have some differences.In a composition, students may set out the facts as they are.In an essay, the main task is not only to render the facts but111also to give an individual interpretation of them.Let us imagine that the subject of the essay is The HistoricalDevelopment of Computers.
If you write a composition youmay be expected to deal with the history and evolution ofcomputers, collecting different materials on this problem. Butin an essay, besides presenting the material of your choice,you can express your own ideas, opinions, and sometimesfeelings and emotions.For this reason an essay writing is a more difficult form ofexercise, though more satisfying, as it gives a student moreopportunity for self-expression.According to the subject matter, essays may be divided intofour main types: narrative, descriptive, reflective, andargumentative or discursive.Compared with the narrative and descriptive essays, reflectiveand argumentative essays are more difficult to write, not onlybecause it is more difficult to arrange the ideas logically, butalso because one devotes more thought and time to thecollection of ideas relevant to the subject.To write a summary, an essay, or a composition in Englishstudents may require standard phrases, verbal stereotypes orclichés that facilitate communication and save time andefforts of the author.
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