Computational Thinking - Учебное пособие (1176923), страница 12
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We only suggestthat proper toxicology testing be carried out to ensure suchproducts are being handled safely and there is no undue riskto the makers and users of nanoparticles.Notes:CMOS – Complementary Metal-Oxide SemiconductorVLSI technology – Very Large-Scale IntegrationRAM – random-access memoryMucus – a slimy substance secreted by mucous membranesand glands for lubrication, protection, etc.Grey goo – (also spelled gray goo) a hypothetical end-of-theworld scenario involving molecular nanotechnology in whichout-of-control self-replicating robots consume all matter onEarth while building more of themselvesBuckyball – a spherical fullerene which is any moleculecomposed entirely of carbon (as it resembles the balls used infootball)nm – nanometerExercises1.
Give Russian equivalents to the following phrases andexplain them in your own words:Molecular-scale; spintronics; bottleneck; optoelectronics;fault-free; cost-effective; large-scale; scientific plausibility; toreplicate; conceivable; to mediate; airborne; diesel exhaust;unforeseen consequences; side effects; to halt; memorybandwidth limitations; orders-of-magnitude improvements.2. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention toprefixes and suffixes:1.
The semiconductor industry faces serious problems withpower density, interconnect scaling, defects and variability,performance and density overkill, design complexity, andmemory-bandwidth limitations.2. Others, such as macroredundancy in the form of triplicate65voting schemes, are much more expensive.3. The unpredictability in confirmation completion and theworst-case hardware overhead require reliable hybridarchitectures, necessitating exploration of speculation andadaptivity to ensure correct computation at low hardware andtime costs.4. Since this work is interdisciplinary, researchers mustclarify interfaces between various levels of abstractionduring the tool-development process.5.
Although they've been tried several times over the years,asynchronous self-timed circuits and logic have limited use.6. Unfortunately, this deepening vision of "grey goo" coatingour landscape as the nanobots replicate uncontrollably is thepicture some people have of the risk from nanotechnology.7. There has been a great deal of public and scientific interestin the so-called nanotechnology revolution.8.
Another disease-causing dust – asbestos — might actuallyhelp us understand the risks from nanotubes.9. To protect them against particles in the air, there is anupwardly moving carpet of mucus that traps particles.3. Match the adjectives (1-10) in column A with thedefinitions (a-j) in column B.1. stochastica.
very large in size, quantity, or extent2. empiricalb. working together in a creative,innovative, and productive manner3. enormousc. able to do tasks successfully, withoutwasting time or energy4. sophisticated d. for a short time only, temporary5. transiente. verifiable by observation or experiencerather than theory or pure logic6. susceptiblef. following the accepted customs; that hasbeen in use for a long time7. synergisticg.
randomly determined8. efficienth. able to be easily modified to respond toaltered circumstances9. conventional i. liable to be influenced or harmed by a6610. flexibleparticular thingj. developed to a high degree of complexity4. Give English equivalents to the following words andphrases:Вводить в действие новые технологии; приступить кисследованию;заниматьсяприборами;бытьподверженнымошибкам;вероятностный;делатьпредположение/допущение;привестиэрукзавершению/окончанию;воздействиеначеловека;служить связующим звеном; причинять сильный вред;последствия; выбрать в качестве цели; искаженная речь;побочные эффекты5.
Answer the following questions:1. What is nanotechnology?2. What does CMOS stand for?3. What is the controversial nature of nanoelectronics?4. What is nanoarchitecture?5.What are the evolutionary and revolutionary paths of thenanoarchitecture development?6. What are hybrid architectures? What are theiradvantages?7. What areas of human life will the nanotechnologyrevolution influence?8. What are the risks to human life and the environment?9. What are the benefits and risks of nanoparticles inmedicines?10 What is Nanotoxicology? How will it help to deal withthe adverse effects of nanotechnology?6.
Fill in the blanks with the words and phrases from thearticle:1. There is a wide range of nanoparticles of different typescurrently ... that may be applied in a variety of ways.2. And any paradigm shift in applications and architecture willhave a … effect on the design process and tools required.673. Living beings can perform complex real-time functionswith ... ease.4. Entry of nanoparticles through the skin via cosmetics is also....5. … toxicological studies of nanotubes must be conducted tofully understand the potential risks.6. This deepening vision of ...
coating our landscape is thepicture some people have of the risk from nanotechnology7. Insert the prepositions where necessary:1. There has been significant interest … nanotechnology in thepast few years.2. The expansion of nanoparticles are a great risk … humanhealth.3. The number of people applying for entry … the country isincreasing with every year.4. It’s not pleasant to have huge debts hanging … your head.5. The effect of nanoparticles on the brain and nervoussystem is … investigation.6. The process results … come side effects.7. Proper toxicology testing must be carried … to ensure thesafety of such products.8.
The change is not confined … chemistry only.9. Chemical reactions may lead … lung injury.8. Translate from Russian into English:Термин «наноэлектроника» относительно новый ипришел на смену более привычному для старшегопоколения термину «микроэлектроника», под которымпонимали передовые для 60-х годов технологииполупроводниковой электроники с размером элементовпорядка одного микронаОднаконаноэлектроникасвязанасразработкойархитектур и технологий производства функциональныхустройств электроники с топологическими размерамиэлементов на порядки меньше, не превышающими 100нм, а иногда и 10 нм.68Главной особенностью наноэлектроники является впервую очередь не простое механическое уменьшениеразмеров, а то, что для элементов таких размеровначинаютпреобладатьквантовыеэффекты,использованиекоторыхможетстатьоченьперспективным.В настоящее время пользователям доступно более 2800видов различных приложений, в состав которых входятнаночастицы, а к 2017 году ожидается, что мировойобъем продаж таких приложений достигнет 50миллиардов долларов.
Однако, по мнению ученых, такойрост нанотехнологических устройств несет в себеопределенный риск для здоровья населения и экологииокружающей среды.«В типичной порошковой форме токсичность этихсоединений невелика, однако в виде наночастиц сдиаметром 16-80 нанометров ситуация кардинальноменяется», - отметил ведущий исследователь Юэ-ВенХуан (Yue-Wern-Huang) из Миссурийского университетанауки и технологий.Теперь исследователи работают над возможностьюснизить токсичность наночастиц и подробнее изучитьмеханизм их взаимодействия с клетками.9.
Develop the following ideas in writing an essay (120-150words):1. The future of nanoelectronics: perspectives and challenges.2. Revolutionary and evolutionary paths in the developmentof nanoarchitecture: advantages and disadvantages.3. Practical applications of nanotechnologies.4. Threats nanoparticles pose to human health.69Green ComputingWords and phrases:Green computingSustainable computingHazardous materialsTo harnessRecyclabilityBiodegradabilityDefunct and factory wasteConspicuous and outspokenTo lambastHolistic approachBrainstorm approachRevenueFancifulCarbon footprintEvaporative coolingSmart gridsOngoing effortAdjustmentsProduct longevityTrade-offRefinementsProminenceUpgradabilityModularityHexavalent chromiumRetail outletsProfit marginInsomniaOverhead costs-экологичное вычислениеустойчивое вычислениеопасные материалыобуздатьвторичная переработкабиоразлагаемостьпромышленные отходызаметные и откровенныекритиковатьцелостный подходмозговой штурмдоходпричудливыйвыбросы углекислого газаохлаждение путем испаренияинтеллектуальные сетипостоянные усилиякорректировкидолговечность продуктаальтернатива, компромиссуточненияизвестностьмодернизациямодульностьшестивалентный хроммагазины розничнойторговли- коэффициент прибыли- бессонница- накладные расходыThe term Green Computing or ICT refers to environmentallysustainable computing.
Today, it embodies the entire lifecycle of technologies, including research, manufacturing, use70and disposal. In his article “Harnessing Green IT: Principleand Practices”, San Murugesan, NASA consultant andprofessor for Western Sydney University, defines the field ofgreen computing as “the study and practice of designing,manufacturing, disposing of computers, servers, andassociated subsystems - such as monitors, printers, storagedevices, networking and communications systems - efficientlyand effectively with minimal or no impact on theenvironment”.The goals of green computing are sustainable innovations thatinclude reduction of the hazardous materials, maximizationof energy efficiency during the product’s lifetime, reverse ofsupply chain, recyclability or biodegradability of defunct andfactory waste.“The system we now employ is hugely wasteful,” says aprofessor of computer technology at the University ofCambridge Andy Hoрper, one of the most conspicuous andoutspoken pioneers in the green computing movement.Much of the green computing movement’s focus today is ondata centers, which have been lambasted as “the SUVs of thetech world “ for their enormous and wasteful consumption ofelectricity, accounting for between 1.1% and 1.5% of theworld’s total energy use in 2010.
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