01-04-2020-Oxford_English_for_Infomation_Technology (1171844), страница 7
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When he'dwritten a basic kernel, he released the sourcecode to the Linux kernel on the Internet.Source code is important. It's the original fromwhich compiled programs are generated. If youdon't have the source code to a program, youcan't modify it to fix bugs or add new features.Most software companies won't sell you theirsource code, or will only do so for an eyewatering price, because they believe that if theyUNIT 6 Operating Systemsmake it available it will destroy their revenuestream.What happened next was astounding, from theconventional, commercial software industrypoint of view — and utterly predictable toanyone who knew about the Free SoftwareFoundation.
Programmers (mostly academicsand students) began using Linux. They foundthat it didn't do things they wanted it to do so they fixed it. And where they improved it,they sent the improvements to Linus, who rolledthem into the kernel. And Linux began to grow.0Re-read the text to find the answers tothese questions.1 Match the terms in Table A with thestatements in Table B.Table AaKernelb Free Software FoundationcSource coded Open Sourcee A distributionThere's a term for this model of softwaredevelopment; it's called Open Source (seewww.
opensource. org/ for more information).Anyone can have the source code - it's free (inthe sense of free speech, not free beer). Anyonecan contribute to it. If you use it heavily youmay want to extend or develop or fix bugs in it— and it is so easy to give your fixes back tothe community that most people do so.fXTable BiA type of software development whereany programmer can develop or fix bugsin the softwareii The original systems program from whichcompiled programs are generatedAn operating system kernel on its own isn't alot of use; but Linux was purposefully designedas a near-clone of Unix, and there is a lot ofsoftware out there that is free and was designedto compile on Linux. By about 1992, the first'distributions' appeared.iii A complete operating system kit with theA distribution is the Linux-user term for acomplete operating system kit, complete withthe utilities and applications you need to makeit do useful things — command interpreters,programming tools, text editors, typesettingtools, and graphical user interfaces based on theX windowing system.
X is a standard inacademic and scientific computing, but nothitherto common on PCs; it's a complexdistributed windowing system on which peopleimplement graphical interfaces like KDE andGnome.vAs more and more people got to know aboutLinux, some of them began to port the Linuxkernel to run on non-standard computers.Because it's free, Linux is now the most widelyported operating system there is.[Adapted from 'Smooth Operator' by Charles Stross,Computer Shopper magazine, November 1998]utilities and applications you need tomake it do useful thingsiv A standard distributed windowing systemon which people implement graphicalinterfacesAn organisation of volunteers dedicatedto making good software that anyonecould use without payingvi The core of an operating system thathandles memory allocation, talks tohardware devices, and makes sureeverything keeps running2 Mark the following statements as True orFalse:abcdeLinux was created in the 1980s.Minix was created by a university student.Linux is based on Unix.Minix is based on Unix.Linux runs on more types of computer thanany other operating system.43UNIT7Graphical User InterfacesSTARTERStudy this diagram of a graphical user interface (GUI).
Identifythese features:1234Fig 1Windows screen displaywindowiconmenusystem tray567taskbarsubmenudesktop8buttonStudy this second example of a GUI.Menu barJust about all programsdisplay a menu bar acrossthe top of the screen,including the 'Finder'.Themenu bar will change,depending on the programyou're running at the time.12How does it differ from Fig 1?In what ways is it the same?DocumentThis is a text file which tells us somethingabout the contents of this CD-ROM.
You canread it by simply double-clicking on it - youriMac will then automatically find theprogram needed to open it.ApplicationThis is an application, or program icon.Double-clicking on it will start the program.It's not always obvious whether an icon is fora document or a program, but you soon getto be able to spot these things.FolderThis is a folder icon, andthese all tend to look thesame - like a kind of 3Dview of a suspension file.Sometimes they're adornedwith other graphics, butthey're usually pretty easyto spot. Double-clicking ona folder icon displays thatfolder's contents in anotherwindow, which is whatwe've done here.Hard Disk iconFolders, files, documents andother items are displayed aslittle icons like this.This one,in fact, represents youriMac's internal hard disk.CD-ROM iconYour hard disk icon (andWastebasket icon) may bethe only ones you see onyour desktop.
If you insert aCD-ROM, though, it willappear as an icon on yourdesktop too. We've doubleclicked on it to display itscontents.To eject a CD, bythe way, you have to drag itsicon onto the Wastebasket you can't just press the CDROM drive button. If you do,you'll be waiting an awfullong time.Folder windowWhen you double-click on afolder or a disk drive, itscontents are displayed in awindow like this one.Thesecontents can be documents,programs or other folders.Fig 2Mac GUIList viewThis is another folderwindow, but this time we'relooking at the contents inlist' view. Otherwise, it's thesame as the window next toit - a 'window' on a folder,basically.You can nestfolders many layers deep, incase you're wondering, andyou're likely to get confusedlong before your iMac does- try to keep your filingsystem as simple aspossible.Menu/menu optionTo open a menu, click onits name in the menu bar.This displays a drop-downlist like the one you seehere.To choose one of themenu options, just click onit (the options arehighlighted as the mousepointer moves over them tohelp you get the right one).Don't forget to always shutdown your iMac via thismenu, NOT by simplyswitching the power off.Control StripThe Control Strip offersquick access to many ofyour iMac's settings like thespeaker volume, soundinput and CD playercontrols.
Until you've foundout what these gadgets do,you can 'hide' it by clickingon the small ribbed area tothe far right.This reduces itto a little handle in thebottom left-hand corner ofthe screen. Click this handleif you want to display theControl Strip again.ScrollbarYou'll see these gadgetswhenever the contents of afolder won't fit in thewindow.
You click on eitherthe horizontal or verticalscroll arrows to display more.of the contents - either that,or drag on the little blue'scroll box'.Desktop patternThis background image canbe swapped for many morevia the Appearance controlpanel. You can use arepeating 'pattern' like this, ora single image - a scannedphotograph for example.Wastebasket iconThe Wastebasket is whereyou throw things you nolonger need. It doesn'tempty straight away,(though as you can see, oursis so full the lid's fallen off),so you can change yourmind if you have to.
Whenyou want to eject a disk, beit a CD-ROM or a floppy disk(if you've got a floppy diskdrive attached), you drag itsicon on to the Wastebasketand the iMac will spit it outautomatically.46UNIT 7 Graphical User InterfacesREADINGStudy this diagram of the Windows Desktop and answer thesequestions about its features.123456789My computerThis lets you browse the files stored on yourPC.
Move the mouse pointer over this iconand double-click the left mouse button: a newwindow shows your hard disk, floppy disk andCD-ROM drive, as well as special Printer andControl Panel folders.What does Outlook Express let you do?Which feature shows you current programs?How do you read the date?What is My Briefcase for?Which background colour is most common?Which feature shows other computers networked with yours?Which feature lets you see which files are stored on your PC?What is the program that helps you get on the Internet?How do you delete files permanently?The InternetThe Internet Connection Wizard is a specialprogram that helps you get on the Internet.You may also have an icon for the MicrosoftNetwork - an Internet service you cansubscribe to.BackgroundThis background of the Desktop can be a solidcolour, a pattern or even a picture.
Most newPCs have a solid green-blue background, whilesome may show the logo of your PC maker.My Network PlacesFor office PCs, this lets users seeother computers connected tothe PC. Most home PC users willnot need to use this icon.Outlook ExpressThis starts Microsoft OutlookExpress, which lets you sendelectronic mail if you haveInternet access.Recycle BinWhen you delete files they gohere, so you can easily retrievethem if you make a mistake. Todelete the files permanently, youcan empty the Recycle Bin.StartThis button is the main startingpoint for most of your actions.Click once and you'll see a list ofprograms and your most recentlyused documents.Fig 3Windows desktopMy BriefcaseIf you often take files anddocuments to and from aPC at work, My Briefcasehelps you to keep themorganised and up to date.TaskbarThe Taskbar shows you theprograms that you arecurrently running and thewindows you have open.
Toswitch between differentwindows, click on theirbuttons on the Taskbar.Status/Time boxThis box normally displays the current time, but it can alsodisplay other information. Pause the mouse pointer over thetime for a moment and a pop-up box tells you the date.Thebox is also used very often by programs to show the statusof tools such as the printer, modem or - on a notebook (aportable computer) - it might display the amount of batterypower you have left.UNIT 7 Graphical User InterfacesLANGUAGE WORK47Verbs + object + infinitive; Verbs + object + to-infinitiveNew developments in computing are oftendesigned to make something easier.Theseverbs are often used to describe suchdevelopments:3 The X Window System enables Unix-basedcomputers to have a graphical look and feel.4 Voice recognition software helps disabledusers (to) access computers.allowenablehelpAllow, enable and permit are used with thisstructure:letpermitverb + object + to-infinitiveStudy these examples:1A GUI lets you point to icons and click amouse button to execute a task.2 A GUI allows you to use a computer withoutknowing any operating system commands.Let is used with this structure:verb + object + infinitiveHelp can be used with either structure.Complete the gap in each sentence with the correct form of theverb in brackets.1The Help facility enables usersproblems.2Adding more memory lets your computer3Windows allows youthe same time.4The Shift key allows you5The MouseKeys feature enables youkeypad to move the mouse pointer.6ALT + TAB allows you7(get) advice on most(work) faster.(display) two different folders at(type) in upper case.(use) the numeric(switch) between programs.The StickyKeys feature helps disabled people(operate) two keys simultaneously.8 ALT + PRINT SCREEN lets youactive window to the Clipboard.(copy) an image of an48UNIT 7 Graphical User InterfacesDescribe the function of these features using 'enabling' verbs.12345678PROBLEM-SOLVINGIn a window, the vertical scroll barThe Find commandThe Undo commandCut and pastePrint ScreenMenusRecycle binTooltipsStudy this version of a GUI.
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