01-04-2020-Oxford_English_for_Infomation_Technology (1171844), страница 8
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Which part of the screen wouldyou touch if you want to:1 make a phone call2 send an email3 access a keyboard4 record an appointment5 get help6 write new mailWhat do you think happens if you touch these areas of the screen?g, h, i, j, k, IFig 4Magic Cap GUIUNIT 7 Graphical User Interfaces 49SPEAKINGWork in groups. Complete this questionnaire for yourself.
Thentake turns in your group to explain how to perform each of theseactions. You may need these verbs:chooseright/left/double-click onhoverdrag and dropselect1 create a folder?2 start a program?3 shut down the system?4 adjust the speaker volume?5 arrange the icons?6 display the date?7 in Windows, show Tooltips?WRITINGStudy these instructions for moving a file from one folder toanother using Windows Explorer. Then write your own instructionsfor one of the actions in Task 7.
Compare your instructions with thosegiven in the Help facility on your computer.TO MOVE A FILE1 If you want to move a file that wassaved in a different folder, locateand open the folder.2 Right-click the file you want tomove; then click Cut on theshortcut menu.3 Locate and open the folder whereyou want to put the file.4 Right-click the folder; then clickPaste on the shortcut menu.50 UNIT 7 Graphical User InterfacesFind the answers to these questions in thefollowing text.What developments are driving thedevelopment of completely new interfaces?What has inspired a whole cottage industryto develop to improve today's graphical userinterface?In what way have XML-based formatschanged the user interface?What type of computers are certain tobenefit from speech technology?Name a process where a mouse isparticularly useful and a process where it isnot so useful.What facilities are multimodal interfaceslikely to offer in the future?What type of input device will be used togive vision to the user interface?What development has led to an interest inintelligent agents?List ways in which intelligent agents can beused.USER INTERFACESCheaper and more powerful personalcomputers are making it possible toperform processor-intensive tasks on thedesktop.
Break-throughs in technology,such as speech recognition, are enablingnew ways of interacting with computers.And the convergence of personalcomputers and consumer electronicsdevices is broadening the base of computerusers and placing a new emphasis on easeof use. Together, these developments willdrive the industry in the next few years tobuild the first completely new interfacessince SRI International and Xerox's Palo AltoResearch Center did their pioneeringresearch into graphical user interfaces(GUIs) in the 1970s.True, it's unlikely that you'll be ready totoss out the keyboard and mouse any timesoon.
Indeed, a whole cottage industry inspired by the hyperlinked design of theWorld Wide Web - has sprung up toimprove today's graphical user interface.Companies are developing products thatorganize information graphically in moreintuitive ways. XML-based formats enableusers to view content, including local andnetwork files, within a single browserinterface.
But it is the more dramaticinnovations such as speech recognitionthat are poised to shake up interfacedesign.Speech will become a major component ofuser interfaces, and applications will becompletely redesigned to incorporatespeech input. Palm-size and handheld PCs,with their cramped keyboards and basichandwriting recognition, will benefit fromspeech technology.Though speech recognition may never be acomplete replacement for other inputdevices, future interfaces will offer acombination of input types, a conceptknown as multimodal input. A mouse is avery efficient device for desktopnavigation, for example, but not forUNIT 7 Graphical User Interfaceschanging the style of a paragraph.
By usingboth a mouse and speech input, a user canfirst point to the appropriate paragraphand then say to the computer, 'Make thatbold.' Of course, multimodal interfaces willinvolve more than just traditional inputdevices and speech recognition. Eventually,most PCs will also have handwritingrecognition, text to speech (TTS), the abilityto recognize faces or gestures, and eventhe ability to observe their surroundings.At The Intelligent Room, a project ofMassachusetts Institute of Technology'sArtificial Intelligence Lab, researchers havegiven sight to PCs running MicrosoftWindows through the use of video cameras.'Up to now, the PC hasn't cared about theworld around it,' said Rodney A.
Brooks,the Director of MIT's Artificial IntelligenceLab. 'When you combine computer visionwith speech understanding, it liberates theuser from having to sit in front of akeyboard and screen.'It's no secret that the amount ofinformation - both on the Internet andwithin intranets - at the fingertips ofcomputer users has been expandingrapidly.
This information onslaught has ledto an interest in intelligent agents, softwareassistants that perform tasks such asretrieving and delivering information andautomating repetitive tasks. Agents willmake computing significantly easier. Theycan be used as Web browsers, help-desks,and shopping assistants. Combined withthe ability to look and listen, intelligentagents will bring personal computers onestep closer to behaving more like humans.This is not an accident. Researchers havelong noted that users have a tendency totreat their personal computers as thoughthey were human.
By making computersmore 'social,' they hope to also make themeasier to use.As these technologies enter mainstreamapplications, they will have a markedimpact on the way we work with personalcomputers. Soon, the question will be not'what does software look like' but 'howdoes it behave?'[Adapted from 'User-Interfaces' by John Morris,PC Magazine, June 9,1998]B51Re-read the text to find the answers tothese questions.1 Match the terms in Table A with thestatements in Table B.Table AaGUIb Multimodal interfacec Intelligent agentd TTSe The Intelligent RoomTable BiSoftware assistant that performs taskssuch as retrieving and deliveringinformation and automating repetitivetasksiiText to speechiii Graphical user interfaceiv A project of the Massachusetts Instituteof Technology's Artificial Intelligence Labv A system that allows a user to interactwith a computer using a combination ofinputs such as speech recognition, handwriting recognition, text to speech, etc.2 Mark the following statements as True orFalse:a Fewer people are using computers becausecomputer functions are becoming integratedinto other electronic devices.b Keyboards and mice will soon not berequired for using personal computers.c There have been no improvements ininterface design since the development ofthe GUI.d Speech recognition is likely to completelyreplace other input devices.e Computer speech and vision will free theuser from having to sit in front of a keyboardand screen.f Intelligent agents will make computers seemmore like humans.UNIT 8Applications ProgramsSTARTERFig 1Screen displaysIdentify these applications programs.Conduct a survey to find out who in your class:12345678can name a spreadsheet programhas used a spreadsheetcan name a database programhas used a databaseknows how to insert graphics into a documentcan name a wordprocessing programcan centre a line of textcan disable the autocorrectStudy this diagram of a medical centre.
Which applicationsprograms will be used by the following?123ReceptionPractice ManagerDoctorsWaiting RoomPatients' records,drug information,appointments.ReceptionLaserprinterServerConsultingroomDoctor AConsultingroomDoctor BDot-matrixprinterConsultingroomDoctor CPCFig 2Medical centre LANPracticemanagerPC(Finance)Email connections tohospitals, other practices,and the local health board.Medical CentreLocal Area Network54UNIT 8 Applications ProgramsREADINGWork in groups. Read paragraph A and additional paragraphsselected by your teacher. Complete this note-taking frame for eachtext you read.BDUsersUseProgram typesData inputOutputAThe system consists of 5 networked PCs,one in each of the consulting rooms, onein the Practice Manager s office and the other inReception alongside the file server.
(Each PC hasits own laser printer.) There is also a dot-matrixprinter in Reception for prescriptions as these areprinted on special paper. All users have access toMicrosoft Office.BDoctors use the system to access a numberof databases. The most important holds therecords of all the patients in the practice.
Thesefiles contain personal details and the medicalhistory of the patient. The doctor can call up theappointments book prior to the consultation. Byclicking on the patient's name, they haveimmediate access to that patient's records. At theend of each consultation, the doctor enters briefcase notes including the diagnosis and treatment.This database can also be used to produce statisticsfor research and reports.Doctors can also access a drugs database onCD-ROM which provides prescribinginformation on thousands of drugs including theirsuitability for different categories of patients. Thisis updated every month. Another database is aconditions dictionary which provides informationon a wide range of problems.CReception staff use specially tailoredsoftware developed from a database to enterall appointment dates and times for each doctor.The program generates daily lists of appointmentsand can be accessed by the doctors.
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