01-04-2020-Oxford_English_for_Infomation_Technology (1171844), страница 2
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Multimedia combinesUNIT 1 Computer Userstext with sound, video, animation, andgraphics, which greatly enhances theinteraction between user and machine andcan make information more interesting andappealing to people. Expert systems softwareenables computers to 'think' like experts.Medical diagnosis expert systems, forexample, can help doctors pinpoint apatient's illness, suggest further tests, andprescribe appropriate drugs.01 Match the terms in Table A with thestatements in Table B.Table AConnectivity enables computers and softwarethat might otherwise be incompatible tocommunicate and to share resources.
Nowthat computers are proliferating in manyareas and networks are available for peopleto access data and communicate with others,personal computers are becominginterpersonal PCs. They have the potential tosignificantly improve the way we relate toeach other. Many people today telecommute that is, use their computers to stay in touchwith the office while they are working athome. With the proper tools, hospital staffcan get a diagnosis from a medical experthundreds or thousands of miles away.Similarly, the disabled can communicate moreeffectively with others using computers.Distance learning and videoconferencing areconcepts made possible with the use of anelectronic classroom or boardroom accessibleto people in remote locations. Vast databasesof information are currently available to usersof the Internet, all of whom can send mailmessages to each other.
The informationsuperhighway is designed to significantlyexpand this interactive connectivity so thatpeople all over the world will have freeaccess to all these resources.People power is critical to ensuring thathardware, software, and connectivity areeffectively integrated in a socially responsibleway. People - computer users and computerprofessionals - are the ones who will decidewhich hardware, software, and networksendure and how great an impact they willhave on our lives.
Ultimately people powermust be exercised to ensure that computersare used not only efficiently but in a sociallyresponsible way.[Adapted from 'Computing in the Information Age', 2nd edition,Nancy Stern & Robert A. Stern, (Wiley), pages 19-22]Re-read the text to find the answers tothese questions:aEdutainmentbMultimediacExpert systemd TelecommuteeInformation superhighwayTable BiSoftware that enables computers to'think' like expertsiiUse computers to stay in touch with theoffice while working at homeiii Internet system designed to provide free,interactive access to vast resources forpeople all over the worldiv Multimedia materials with a combinationof educational and entertainment contentvA combination of text with sound, video,animation, and graphics2 Mark the following statements as True orFalse:aDesktop organisers are programs thatrequire desktop computers.b Computers are sometimes used to monitorsystems that previously needed humansupervision.c Networking is a way of allowing otherwiseincompatible systems to communicate andshare resources.d The use of computers prevents people frombeing creative.e Computer users do not have much influenceover the way that computing develops.9UNIT2Computer ArchitectureSTARTERName these different types of computers.
Then match thepossible users below to each type. Justify your choice.Fig 11 Marketing research person collecting data from the general234567publiclarge company processing payroll datatravelling salesperson giving marketing presentationslarge scientific organisation processing work on nuclear researchbusinessperson keeping track of appointments while travellinggraphic designersecretary doing general office workWhat do these abbreviations mean? Use the Glossary ifnecessary.1234CD-ROMRDRAMMBGHz567AGPSDRAMSVGANow study the text below to find this information:READING1234567What is the memory size of this PC?Which input devices are supplied?What size is the monitor?How fast is the processor?What is the capacity of the hard drive?Which operating system does it use?What multimedia features does the computer have?HOW TO READ A COMPUTER AD.Fig 2Dell computerIntel Pentium IV 1.7GHz ProcessorMini Tower Chassis256MB Rambus RDRAM60GB Hard DriveEmbedded Intel 3D Direct AGP videowith 64MB SDRAM64-voice wavetable sound48 X CD-ROM Drive19" (1 7.9" VIS) Colour SVGA monitorMicrosoft Windows XP1.44MB 3.5" Floppy DriveMicrosoft Intellimouse105-key keyboardThe main processing chip thatoperates at a clock speed of1.7 thousand million cyclesper second.A small size of tall and narrowstyle of case containing thecomputer system.256 megabytes of Rambusdynamic type of mainmemory chips that constitutethe computer RAM.A hard drive internal storagedevice with a capacity ofapprox.
60 thousand millionbytes.A video controller forcontrolling the monitor screenthat is built on to thecomputer motherboard. It canprocess 3D images using theAGP type of video businterface. It also containsapprox. 64 million bytes ofsynchronous dynamic randomaccess memory that is used asvideo memory.A soundcard that has 64voices and generates soundsusing the wavetable system.A CD-ROM storage devicethat operates at 48 times thespeed of the original CD-ROMdevices.A colour monitor fordisplaying output on a screenat resolutions determined bythe SVGA standard.
Thediagonal measurement of thewhole screen is 19 inches butthe diagonal measurement ofthe actual viewable area of thescreen is only 1 7.9 inches.The operating system that isused to control the system.12UNIT 2 Computer ArchitectureLANGUAGE WORKWe can describe the function of an item in anumber of ways. Study these examples.3 ROM is used for holding instructions whichare needed to start up the computer.Using the Present simpleEmphasising the function1 ROM holds instructions which are needed tostart up the computer.4 The function of ROM is to hold instructionswhich are needed to start up thecomputer.Used to-infinitive.
Used for + -ing form2 ROM is used to hold instructions which areneeded to start up the computer.Match each item in Column A with its function in Column B.Then describe its function in two ways.A ItemB FunctionRAMcontrols the cursorprocessorinputs data through keys like a typewritermouseclockdisplays the output from a computer on ascreen3.5" floppy drivereads DVD-ROMsmonitorreads and writes to removable magneticdiskskeyboardDVD-ROM drivecacheROMholds instructions which are needed tostart up the computerholds data read or written to it by theprocessorprovides extremely fast access forsections of a program and its datacontrols the timing of signals in thecomputercontrols all the operations in a computerUNIT 2 Computer Architecture13With the help of the Glossary if necessary, describe thefunctions of these items.12345scannerprinterATMPDAhard disk drive6 supercomputer7 mainframe computer8 barcodes9 swipe cards10 memoryPrepositions of placeLANGUAGE WORKStudy these examples of prepositions of place.BusinterfaceunitROMRAMALUI/ODisksVideo, etc.Timing& Control1 Data moves between the CPU andRAM.2 Data flows from ROM to the CPU.3 A program is read from disk intomemory.4 Data is transferred along the databus.5 The address number is put ontothe address bus.Fig 3Computer buses6 The hard disk drive is inside a sealed case.7 Heads move across the disk.8 Tracks are divided into sectors.Fig 4Hard diskComplete each sentence using the correct preposition.1 The CPU is a large chip2 Data always flows3 The CPU can be divided45678the computer.the CPUthe address bus.three parts.Data flowsthe CPU and memory.Peripherals are devicesthe computer but linkedit.The signal movesthe VDU screenone sidethe other.The CPU puts the addressthe address bus.The CPU can fetch datamemorythe data bus.14 UNIT 2 Computer ArchitecturePROBLEM-SOLVINGStudy these 'System upgrades and options' for the computerdescribed in Task 3.
Which upgrades and/or options would improvethese aspects of this computer?1234capacityspeedprotection from damage due to power failurenetwork connectionsUpgrades and options3Com 10/100 Ethernet controllerCD-RW DriveExtra memory moduleAPC 1400 Smart-UPS3 Year Next-Business-Day On-site ServiceSPEAKINGWork in pairs, A and B. Find out as much as you can aboutyour partner's computer and complete this table.Student A your computer details are on page 184.Student B your computer details are on page 190.Featureprocessor typeprocessor speedbus speedmemory (RAM)memory typehard disk capacityhard disk typemonitor sizemonitor resolutionCD-ROM drive speedABUNIT 2 Computer ArchitectureWRITING15Put these instructions for opening a computer in the correctsequence.abcdeRelease the two catches underneath and lift up to remove panel.Shut down your computer by choosing Shut Down from theApple menu or the Special menu.If there are security screws on the vertical plate on the back ofthe computer, remove them with a Philips screwdriver.Unplug all the cables except the power cord from your computer.Pulling gently, slide the tray out.Match these figures to the instructions.Fig 5Opening a computeriiiiiivAdd these sequence words to your instructions: first, then,next, after that, finally.16UNIT 2 Computer Architecture5 When does a write-back cache write itscontents back to main memory?6 When is data marked as 'dirty' in a writeback cache?7 What determines what data is replaced in adisk cache?1 What is one of the main causes of a PC notrunning at its highest potential speed?2 What word in the text is used instead of'buffer'?3 What device looks after cache coherency?4 What is the main alternative to 'writethrough cache'?CACHE MEMORY5101520Most PCs are held back not by the speed of theirmain processor, but by the time it takes to movedata in and out of memory.
One of the mostimportant techniques for getting around thisbottleneck is the memory cache.25The idea is to use a small number of very fastmemory chips as a buffer or cache between mainmemory and the processor. Whenever theprocessor needs to read data it looks in this cachearea first. If it finds the data in the cache then thiscounts as a 'cache hit' and the processor need notgo through the more laborious process of readingdata from the main memory.
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